Coping with feast and famine: Integrated behavioral and metabolically flexible responses of wild orangutans to ecologically driven dietary variation

Diet and nutrition are critical factors influencing energetics and health. Laboratory studies show that organisms adjust to changes in nutrient intake through flexible metabolic responses. While the physiological effects of nutrient balance in humans have been studied, data from closely related species living in nature are lacking. We integrate macronutrient regulation and metabolic flexibility to elucidate how wild Bornean orangutans are buffered against natural fluctuations in nutrient intakes. We found that orangutans regulate protein and regularly switch between exogenous and endogenous nutritional substrates as preferred food availability declines. When total caloric, lipid, and carbohydrate intakes decline, orangutans drew on fat and endogenous amino acids for energy. This strategy is beneficial only in the context of alternating periods of fruit scarcity and abundance. Our findings provide a direct analog for the current global obesity pandemic, which has arisen in parallel with ..., Behavioral observations and urine sampling of wild orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) were collected between 2003 – 2018 and 2004-2017 (Fig. 1A), respectively, in the Tuanan Research Area located in the Mawas Conservation Area, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia  (see 34, 37 for a detailed site description). Tuanan is a peat swamp forest with a peat depth of 1-3 meters in most areas (69). Annual rainfall is between 1309.8 - 4176.0 mm with an average of 2602.4 mm, and minimum and maximum temperatures range between 20.5 °C to 32.0 °C (average 23 °C to 28.5 °C).  For this study, we observed a total of 26 adult females, 48 adult flanged males, 25 adult unflanged males, 20 independent immatures, 15 weaned immatures who still traveled with their mothers (SI Appendix Table S8). All field research was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
The fruit availability index (FAI) was determined from monthly monitored phenology plots sp..., , # Coping with feast and famine: Integrated behavioral and metabolically flexible responses of wild orangutans to ecologically driven dietary variation

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rjx](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rjx)

## Description of the data and file structure

Vogeletal_MetabolicFlexibility_TuananOrangutans_FINAL.csv

Access this dataset on OSF:([https://osf.io/xynj6](https://osf.io/xynj6)

This file includes all of the data from 2003-2018 for all orangutans during this time period that were used for statistical analyses in this manuscript. The data file includes nutritional intakes, urinary biomarkers results, and identifying information for all orangutans included in the dataset. These data were collected at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia as part of the long-term research project. Each row in the data file represents a unique follow day. 

If you are interested in using the data generated for this project and have additiona...

饮食与营养是影响能量代谢与机体健康的关键因素。实验室研究表明，生物体可通过灵活的代谢应答调节，以适应营养摄入的变化。尽管学界已针对人类营养平衡的生理效应开展研究，但针对自然生境中近缘物种的相关数据仍较为匮乏。本研究整合宏量营养素调控（macronutrient regulation）与代谢灵活性（metabolic flexibility）的分析框架，阐明野生婆罗洲猩猩如何抵御自然状态下营养摄入的波动。研究发现，猩猩会调控蛋白质摄入，并在偏好性食物可获得性下降时，在外源与内源营养底物之间切换供能。当总热量、脂质与碳水化合物摄入下降时，猩猩会动用脂肪与内源氨基酸作为能量来源。该策略仅在果实丰欠交替的生态周期中具备适应性优势。本研究结果可为当前与XX同步暴发的全球肥胖流行提供直接参照模型。

本研究分别于2003–2018年与2004–2017年，在印度尼西亚加里曼丹省中部马瓦斯保护区内的图阿南研究区域，采集野生婆罗洲猩猩（*Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii*）的行为观测数据与尿液样本（图1A）；具体场地描述详见参考文献34、37。

图阿南区域为泥炭沼泽森林，多数区域泥炭厚度达1–3米（参考文献69）。该区域年降雨量介于1309.8–4176.0毫米之间，平均降雨量为2602.4毫米；极端最低与最高气温分别为20.5℃与32.0℃，年均气温区间为23℃–28.5℃。

本研究共观测到26只成年雌性、48只成年带颊垫雄性、25只成年无颊垫雄性、20只独立亚成体，以及15只仍随母活动的断奶亚成体（详见补充材料附表S8）。所有野外工作均获得美国新泽西州立罗格斯大学机构动物护理与使用委员会（Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, IACUC）批准。

果实可获得性指数（Fruit Availability Index, FAI）通过月度监测的物候样地测定……

# 应对丰歉交替：野生猩猩应对生态驱动型膳食变化的行为与代谢灵活整合应答
[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rjx](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.c59zw3rjx)

## 数据与文件结构说明
Vogeletal_MetabolicFlexibility_TuananOrangutans_FINAL.csv

可在开放科学框架（Open Science Framework, OSF）平台获取本数据集：[https://osf.io/xynj6](https://osf.io/xynj6)

该文件包含本研究手稿中用于统计分析的2003–2018年所有观测猩猩的全部数据。数据文件涵盖研究涉及的所有猩猩的营养摄入数据、尿液生物标志物检测结果以及个体识别信息。本数据集采集自印度尼西亚加里曼丹省中部的图阿南猩猩研究站，属于长期研究项目的一部分。数据文件中每一行代表一个独立的追踪观测日。

若您有意使用本项目生成的数据并存在额外需求……