Replication Data for: Varieties of State-building: Ecology, Clientelism, and Bureaucratic Rule in Chile

Current research suggests that all states share a perpetual appetite for extraction and standardization. However, this research overlooks that subnational regions present different appeals and challenges to ruling coalitions. While states seek to extend bureaucratic rule on peripheries with valuable assets and favorable geography, they might instead seek to preserve local patrimonial bastions when those areas offer substantial electoral support. In turn, these strategies lead to broad subnational heterogeneity in the reach of the state. This paper introduces a theory that focuses on regions’ ecological, military, and clientelistic features to explain local trajectories of bureaucratic rule and country-level state capacity. Empirically, I examine Chile, a successful case of capacity-building in Latin America. Prompted by a fiscal crisis in the mid-1850s, Chile’s central government launched state-building projects to offset its budgetary deficit. Using GIS and original data from censuses, budgets, and other primary sources, I show that Chile’s ruling coalition paradoxically modernized the country’s peripheries while deepening its own traditionalism. These results challenge prevailing narratives about the projection of political authority and Chile’s territorial uniformity.现有研究表明，所有主权国家均存在一贯的资源汲取与标准化治理诉求。然而，此类研究忽视了一个关键事实：次国家区域（subnational regions）对执政联盟而言，有着各不相同的吸引力与挑战。当边缘地区拥有珍贵资产与优越地理条件时，国家会尝试将科层统治延伸至这些区域；但倘若这些地区能提供可观的选举支持，国家反倒会选择维系当地的家产制堡垒。此类策略最终会导致国家治理范围在次国家层面呈现显著异质性。本文提出一套理论框架，聚焦各区域的生态、军事与庇护主义特征，以此解释官僚统治的地方演进轨迹与国家层面的国家能力（state capacity）构建。实证层面，本文以拉美国家能力建设的成功案例——智利为研究对象。19世纪50年代中期的财政危机促使智利中央政府启动国家建设项目以弥补预算赤字。本文借助地理信息系统（GIS, Geographic Information System）与源自人口普查、财政预算及其他原始史料的一手数据，研究发现智利执政联盟竟在推动国家边缘地区现代化的同时，强化了自身的传统主义倾向。这一结论对有关政治权威投射与智利领土统一性的主流叙事构成了有力挑战。