Supplementary Material for: Dietary Intake of Chinese Lactating Women Is Associated with the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Milk

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the dietary intake and the human milk (HM) fatty acid (FA) profile of Chinese lactating women. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> HM samples and food records were obtained from 122 Chinese women over 5 visits between 0 and 51 days postpartum. Adjusted multiple regression was performed to explore associations between maternal dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients, FAs and foods, and the HM FA profile. Analyses were performed separately for colostrum and mature milk. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid were positively associated with the HM contents of PUFAs, omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs, and linoleic acid (LA), and the intakes of n-3 PUFAs and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were negatively associated with saturated FA levels in HM. Associations were stronger for mature milk. Intakes of milk/dairy, meat/poultry, and eggs were negatively associated with n-6 PUFAs, LA, and EPA in mature milk, whereas the opposite was seen for fish/shrimp. Positive associations were also found between fish/shrimp and total and n-3 PUFAs in mature milk. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The HM FA profile of Chinese women is associated with their diet, and in particular with their FA intake. Tailored nutritional advice based on HM FA composition may optimize HM FA profile and thereby contribute to healthy infant development.

引言：本研究旨在探讨中国哺乳期女性膳食摄入与人乳（Human Milk, HM）脂肪酸（Fatty Acid, FA）谱之间的关联。
方法：本研究于产后0至51天内，对122名中国女性开展5次随访，采集人乳样本并收集饮食记录。采用校正后的多元回归分析，探究母亲膳食中能量、宏量营养素、脂肪酸及各类食物的摄入量与人乳脂肪酸谱之间的关联，并分别针对初乳与成熟乳开展分析。
结果：膳食总多不饱和脂肪酸（Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, PUFAs）、二十碳五烯酸（Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA）及二十二碳六烯酸的摄入量，与人乳中多不饱和脂肪酸、ω-6（n-6）多不饱和脂肪酸及亚油酸（Linoleic Acid, LA）的含量呈正相关；而ω-3（n-3）多不饱和脂肪酸及α-亚麻酸（α-Linolenic Acid, ALA）的摄入量，则与人乳中饱和脂肪酸水平呈负相关。上述关联在成熟乳中更为显著。乳类/乳制品、畜禽肉及蛋类的摄入量，与成熟乳中的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸、亚油酸及二十碳五烯酸呈负相关，而鱼类/虾类的摄入则呈现相反趋势。此外，鱼类/虾类摄入与成熟乳中的总多不饱和脂肪酸及n-3多不饱和脂肪酸也呈正相关。
结论：中国女性的人乳脂肪酸谱与其膳食摄入，尤其是脂肪酸摄入密切相关。基于人乳脂肪酸组成制定个性化营养建议，可优化人乳脂肪酸谱，从而促进婴儿的健康发育。