Human Mobility to Parks under COVID19 Pandemic and Wildfire Seasons in Western and Central United States

Parks is an essential element in the environment serve for people physical and mental wellbeing. Especially in 2020, people's health has suffered a great crisis under the dual effects of the COVID 19 pandemic and the extensive, severe wildfire in the western and center United State. People had changed their mobility to obtain the recreational opportunities. The parks offer more safer recreation opportunity for people to keep health during this crisis time. This research analyzes spatial and temporal variation on people’s mobility including number of visitors, dwell time, and travel distance to the park under the impact of confluence of two major crises. we applied Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) Models to explore how the COVID19 and wildfire factor affected on human recreation behaviors and visitations to parks during June – September 2020. The findings indicated that the overall trend of visitation for the park decrease under impact of COVID pandemic and wildfire. In addition, people tended to travel closer from home to parks and spend less time there when more COVID19 cases were reported. However, with the lifted stay-at-home restriction and national park reopen, people travel more distance to the national park (e.g., Yellowstone) under the COVID case peak in June 2020. Moreover, people shorten the time and traveled a long distance to park in the southwest of study area during non-wildfire season (June -July), and then to the whole study area during the wildfire season (August-September). These findings shed new light on the how human mobility to the park during the pandemic and wildfire crisis, which complements practical research on physical activity, ecosystem services, and public health.公园是支撑民众身心健康的关键环境要素。2020年尤为特殊，新冠疫情（COVID-19）与美国西部及中部地区大范围严峻野火的双重冲击下，民众健康遭遇重大危机，人们不得不调整出行模式以获取休闲娱乐机会。而公园为民众在这场危机期间提供了更为安全的休闲渠道，助力维持健康状态。 本研究针对两大危机叠加影响下民众前往公园的出行行为时空特征变化展开分析，涵盖访客数量、驻留时长与出行距离三类指标。本研究采用地理时空加权回归模型（Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression, GTWR），探究2020年6月至9月期间，新冠疫情与野火因素如何影响民众的公园休闲行为与到访情况。 研究结果显示，受新冠疫情与野火的共同影响，公园整体到访量呈下降趋势。此外，当新增新冠确诊病例增多时，民众更倾向于选择离家更近的公园，且驻留时长也会相应缩短。不过，在2020年6月新冠疫情峰值时段，随着居家限制解除与国家公园重新开放，民众前往国家公园（如黄石国家公园（Yellowstone））的出行距离反而有所增加。另外，在非野火季（6-7月），研究区域西南部的民众会缩短驻留时间、选择更远距离的公园出行；而到了野火季（8-9月），这一出行特征则覆盖了整个研究区域。 本研究为疫情与野火危机期间的民众公园出行行为研究提供了全新视角，同时也为身体活动、生态系统服务与公共卫生领域的相关实践研究补充了重要参考依据。