Tuzigoot Burials

Tuzigoot Pueblo is the type site for the Tuzigoot Phase of the Southern Sinagua Tradition and was occupied from c. A.D. 1140 to c. 1400. This report gives the results of re-analysis of data from burials excavated at Tuzigoot in 1933-1934. The purpose of the study is to abstract the
organizing principles of social status, a subject of current archeological interest.

This project was conducted within constraints that would be imposed by repatriation of mortuary remains. Nearly all of the 411 burials excavated at Tuzigoot were reburied on site in 1934. Study has been deliberately restricted to data documented in field records, catalogue cards, and published descriptions. Records exist for 393 burials documenting---with some inconsistencies---orientation, age, sex, pathology, position, condition, depth, dimensions of grave, fill, and associated artifacts. Provenience is by room or undefmed portions of slopes outside the pueblo; specific extramural burial locations were not recorded or mapped.

A series of bivariate tables indicate that the overriding principle of acquiring status was achievement rather than ascription. With advancing age individuals acquired an increasing number of objects, exotic as well as utilitarian. Burials with the greatest number of objects are predominantly adult males buried with their heads to the north in pole-covered pits. Objects commonly (though not exclusively) buried with these individuals were ritual objects (prayer sticks, quartz crystals), elaborate ornaments (turquoise pendants and mosaics, beads of argillite, shell and an unidentified black stone), obsidian arrowheads and other tools, and decorated pottery (predominantly Jeddito Yellow Ware). Infants and children were usually buried under room floors or in room fill; those buried outside in the adult cemetery show a slight tendency toward more and rarer objects in association. By analogy with ethnographic examples, general and Southwestern, burials in the extramural cemetery are interpreted as ritual events in which a lineage or the village participated; intramural burials represent family ceremony. Absence of locations and context burials limits inferences, but ranked lineages could fit the Tuzigoot situation. Neither community context nor mortuary remains convincingly support the existence of a distinct class of hereditary elites.

This study raises questions that can be addressed by restudy of the artifacts found with burials. More detailed artifact description and source analysis should be completed if objects are repatriated.

图齐古特普韦布洛（Tuzigoot Pueblo）是南辛瓜瓦传统（Southern Sinagua Tradition）图齐古特阶段的典型遗址，其居住年代约为公元1140年至1400年。本报告呈现了1933至1934年间在图齐古特发掘的墓葬遗存的重新分析结果。本研究旨在提炼社会地位的组织原则，这也是当前考古学研究的热点议题。

本项目的开展受到丧葬遗存归还相关约束的限制。1934年，图齐古特发掘的411座墓葬中几乎全部已在遗址原址重新下葬。本研究严格限定仅使用田野记录、目录卡片以及已发表的描述中留存的资料。目前有393座墓葬的记录留存，尽管存在部分不一致之处，这些记录涵盖了墓葬朝向、年龄、性别、骨骼病理状况、葬式、保存状态、埋深、墓穴尺寸、填土以及随葬器物等信息。墓葬出土地点（provenience）被记录为房间或普韦布洛外未明确界定的坡地区域，未记录或绘制具体的墓外墓葬位置。

一系列双变量分析表显示，获取社会地位的首要原则是成就而非归属。随着年龄增长，个体随葬的器物（包括外来器物与实用器物）数量逐渐增多。随葬器物数量最多的墓葬以成年男性为主，其墓主头部朝北，葬于有木杆覆盖的坑穴中。这类个体常见（但非绝对）的随葬品包括仪式用器物（祈祷棍、石英晶簇）、精致饰物（绿松石坠饰与镶嵌饰、泥板岩、贝壳及一种未鉴别的黑色石质串珠）、黑曜石箭头与其他工具，以及装饰性陶器（以杰迪托黄陶（Jeddito Yellow Ware）为主）。婴儿与儿童通常被葬于房间地板下方或房间填土中；葬于成人墓外墓地的个体则呈现出随葬器物更多且更罕见的轻微趋势。通过与民族志案例（包括美国西南部本土族群的案例）类比，墓外墓地的墓葬被解读为宗族或村落参与的仪式活动，而普韦布洛内部的墓葬则代表家庭仪式。由于缺乏墓葬具体位置与背景信息，推论存在局限，但世袭等级宗族或许符合图齐古特的社会状况。无论是社群背景还是丧葬遗存，均未有力支持存在独特的世袭精英阶层。

本研究提出了可通过重新分析墓葬随葬器物解答的问题。若随葬器物得以归还，则需完成更细致的器物描述与产地分析工作。