Near-infrared II nanomaterials for hypoxic TME diagnosis and therapy

Hypoxic tumor microenvironments (TME) drive cancer aggression and therapy resistance, necessitating precise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Near-Infrared II (NIR-II) nanomaterials have emerged as transformative tools for addressing hypoxic TME challenges, leveraging deeper tissue penetration, minimal scattering, and reduced autofluorescence. This review systematically summarizes the recent advancements in NIR-II nanomaterials, focusing on their applications in imaging and therapy for hypoxic tumors. NIR-II-based imaging techniques, including fluorescence, photoacoustic, and multimodal imaging, provide high sensitivity and resolution for detecting hypoxic regions, aiding in early diagnosis and personalized treatment planning. In therapeutic applications, NIR-II materials enhance the efficacy of photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and photo-Fenton therapy, all of which overcome the limitations of traditional therapies in hypoxic areas. The combination of NIR-II materials with other treatment modalities holds promise for more effective cancer treatments. This review also discusses the challenges in the current research landscape, including the preparation, scalability, and clinical translation of NIR-II materials. It highlights the need for continued innovation to optimize these materials for broader clinical applications. Overall, NIR-II nanomaterials represent a significant step forward in addressing the challenges posed by hypoxic tumors, with the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and therapy. NIR-II nanomaterials offer breakthrough potential in hypoxic tumor diagnosis and therapy. With deep tissue imaging, reduced scattering, and hypoxia-targeted treatments (photothermal, photodynamic, photo-Fenton), they combat treatment resistance. Promising for precision medicine!

低氧肿瘤微环境（Tumor Microenvironment, TME）会促进肿瘤侵袭性与治疗抗性，因此亟需精准的诊断与治疗策略。近红外二区（Near-Infrared II, NIR-II）纳米材料凭借更深的组织穿透能力、极低的散射效应与微弱的自发荧光特性，已成为应对低氧肿瘤微环境挑战的变革性工具。本综述系统梳理了近红外二区纳米材料的最新研究进展，重点阐述其在低氧肿瘤成像与治疗领域的应用。基于近红外二区的成像技术（包括荧光成像、光声成像与多模态成像）可实现高灵敏度、高分辨率的低氧区域检测，助力早期诊断与个性化治疗方案制定。在治疗应用中，近红外二区纳米材料可提升光热治疗、光动力治疗与光芬顿治疗的疗效，上述疗法均可克服传统治疗手段在低氧区域的局限性。将近红外二区纳米材料与其他治疗手段联合应用，有望实现更高效的癌症治疗方案。本综述同时探讨了当前研究领域面临的挑战，包括近红外二区纳米材料的制备、规模化生产与临床转化问题，并指出亟需通过持续创新优化此类材料，以推动其更广泛的临床应用。总体而言，近红外二区纳米材料为解决低氧肿瘤相关挑战迈出了重要一步，有望彻底革新癌症的诊断与治疗模式。近红外二区纳米材料在低氧肿瘤的诊断与治疗中具备突破性应用潜力：凭借深层组织成像能力、低散射特性与靶向低氧的治疗手段（光热、光动力、光芬顿治疗），可有效对抗治疗抗性，为精准医学领域带来广阔前景！