<i>Item fit statistics for the</i> PEPB <i>scale.</i>

Background Adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse, maltreatment or neglect, can lead to many mental disorders and emotional and social difficulties. Objective The aim of this study was to adapt and validate the ‘Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure’ (MACE) questionnaire to Polish socio-cultural conditions. Participants and setting The study involved 330 adult, white people (60.8% women); aged between 18 and 86 years (M = 41.01; SD = 14.67), with and without a psychiatric diagnosis. Methods Convergent validity was assessed by comparing MACE (PL) scores with the CTQ (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and ACE (Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire), while predictive validity was determined by examining the relationships between MACE (PL) scores and the SCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90). The psychometric properties of the scale were assessed using Rasch analysis, which evaluated item fit, difficulty, and person separation. Internal consistency was measured using the Kuder Richardson coefficient (KR-20). The Polish version of MACE demonstrated good reliability, as indicated by high internal consistency (KR-20) and findings from Rasch analysis. Results The Polish version of MACE, after analysis, included a total of 58 items combined into 10 scales. The Polish version of the scale showed high internal consistency, measured using the Kuder-Richardson formula (KR-20). The results of the Polish version of MACE showed strong and positive correlations with the scores of CTQ and ACE. These correlations were particularly evident for the overall MACE scores and subscales such as MACE SUM, MACE Multiplicity, and MACE Duration. Correlations for physical neglect and emotional neglect were moderate but statistically significant (r = 0.49, p < 0.001; r = 0.46, p < 0.001). MACE scores were positively correlated with SCL-90 and ACE results, indicating high predictive validity in relation to psychopathological symptoms. The correlations between MACE and SCL-90 were moderate but significant, suggesting that MACE effectively predicts psychopathological symptoms associated with childhood trauma. Most MACE subscales showed moderate reliability (0.5–0.8), except for the PVA and SEXA subscales, which demonstrated high internal consistency (KR20 > 0.8). Conclusion The Polish version of MACE demonstrates solid convergent validity, predictive validity, and psychometric reliability, making it a valuable tool for assessing experiences of maltreatment and neglect during childhood in both research and clinical practice. Assessing the history of adverse childhood experiences using the MACE can provide a more precise understanding of how the type and timing of these experiences influence outcomes. This, in turn, sheds light on the mechanisms underlying health and the common pathways contributing to overlapping symptom spectrums. In summary, the MACE appears to be a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers aiming to retrospectively assess the types, timing, and duration of childhood maltreatment experiences during sensitive developmental periods in adulthood.研究背景 童年不良经历（Adverse Childhood Experiences, ACEs），诸如虐待、不当对待与忽视，可诱发诸多精神障碍以及情绪与社交困境。 研究目的 本研究旨在针对波兰社会文化语境，对《童年虐待与暴露时序问卷》（Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure, MACE）进行跨文化调适与效度验证。 研究对象与研究场景 本研究共纳入330名成年白人受试者，其中女性占比60.8%；年龄跨度为18至86岁（均值M=41.01，标准差SD=14.67），涵盖存在精神障碍诊断与无精神障碍诊断两类人群。 研究方法 聚合效度的评估方式为：将波兰语版MACE（MACE(PL)）得分分别与儿童创伤问卷（Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ）、童年不良经历问卷（Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire, ACE-Q）得分进行对比；预测效度则通过分析MACE(PL)得分与症状自评量表90（Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90）得分间的关联予以确定。本研究采用拉什分析（Rasch analysis）评估该量表的心理测量学属性，具体涵盖项目拟合度、项目难度及个体区分度三项指标。内部一致性采用库德-理查逊系数（Kuder Richardson coefficient, KR-20）进行测算。结合高内部一致性（KR-20）结果与拉什分析结论可知，波兰语版MACE具备良好的信度。 研究结果 经分析，波兰语版MACE共包含58个条目，归为10个分量表。该量表的内部一致性表现优异，经库德-理查逊公式（KR-20）测算结果可证。波兰语版MACE得分与CTQ、ACE得分呈显著正相关，该关联在MACE总分（MACE SUM）、MACE多重暴露（MACE Multiplicity）、MACE暴露时长（MACE Duration）等分维度中尤为突出。躯体忽视与情感忽视维度的相关系数处于中等水平，但具有统计学意义（r=0.49，p<0.001；r=0.46，p<0.001）。MACE得分与SCL-90及ACE得分均呈正相关，表明其针对精神病理症状具备较高的预测效度。MACE与SCL-90得分间的相关系数处于中等水平但具有统计学意义，提示MACE可有效预测童年创伤相关的精神病理症状。多数MACE子量表的信度处于中等水平（0.5~0.8），仅PVA与SEXA子量表内部一致性优异（KR20>0.8）。 研究结论 波兰语版MACE具备可靠的聚合效度、预测效度与心理测量学信度，可作为研究与临床实践中评估童年期虐待与忽视经历的有效工具。借助MACE评估童年不良经历史，能够更精准地理解此类经历的类型与发生时序如何对结局产生影响，进而阐明健康相关的潜在机制以及引发重叠症状谱的共同通路。综上，对于旨在成年后回顾性评估童年敏感期内虐待经历的类型、发生时序与持续时长的临床医师与研究者而言，MACE是极具应用价值的测评工具。