Table1_A Review of the Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Application, Quality Control, Processing, Toxicology, and Pharmacokinetics of the Dried Rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala.docx

The product investigated herein is the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. [Asteraceae] (Baizhu), which is also known as Dongbaizhu, Wuzhu, Yuzhu, Zhezhu, and Zhongzhu, among others. It invigorates the spleen, replenishes qi, and removes dampness, diuresis, and hidroschesis, and impacts fetal safety. It is often used for the treatment of diseases such as spleen function deficiency, abdominal distension, diarrhea, sputum, vertigo, edema, fever, and sweating and also aids cessation of minimal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. In this study, research pertaining to the ethnopharmacology, application, phytochemistry, analytical methods, quality control, processing, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of Baizhu has been reviewed. Relevant information and data reported for Baizhu were collected from CNKI, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, scientific databases, Chinese Medicinal Material Encyclopedia, Chinese herbal medicine classics, Chinese medicine dictionary, doctoral and master’s theses, and so on. Baizhu demonstrates diuretic, antidiuretic, anti-inflammatory effects and antitumor function and aids regulation of gastrointestinal function, hypoglycemic effect, analgesic action, protection on the liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats, inhibition of aromatase, treatment of bone disease, strengthening myocardial contraction ability, detoxification and cholagogic effect, fall hematic fat action, such as the treatment of acute renal injury, and so on. It also can be an anticoagulant, improve the nervous system disease, affect the immune system, and regulate uterine smooth muscle, antioxidation, antiaging, and antibacterial effect. Sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids, coumarins, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, steroids, benzoquinones, polysaccharides, and other compounds were isolated from Baizhu. Among them, sesquiterpenoids, polysaccharides, and polyacetylenes are the main components of Baizhu. Baizhu exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects and constitutes a considerable proportion of the composition of many proprietary crude drugs. It mainly affects the endocrine, nervous, and urinary systems. The presented information suggests that we should focus on the development of new drugs related to Baizhu, including specific components, to achieve a greater therapeutic potential that can be considered to further explore the information related to Baizhu.

本研究考察的对象为菊科（Asteraceae）白术（Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.）的干燥根茎，药材名白术（Baizhu），别名众多，包括东白术、吴术、玉术、浙术、钟术等。本品具有健脾益气、燥湿利水、止汗及安胎之功。临床常用于治疗脾虚证、脘腹胀满、泄泻、痰饮、眩晕、水肿、发热及自汗等病症，同时可辅助改善妊娠期少量阴道流血。本研究对白术的民族药理学（ethnopharmacology）、临床应用、植物化学（phytochemistry）、分析方法、质量控制、炮制工艺、药理学、毒理学及药代动力学（pharmacokinetics）相关研究进行了综述。研究资料与数据来源于中国知网（CNKI）、维普资讯（VIP）、PubMed、Web of Science等学术数据库，以及《中国药材百科全书》、中医经典古籍、中药词典、博硕士学位论文等渠道。白术具备利尿、抗利尿、抗炎及抗肿瘤作用，可调节胃肠功能、发挥降血糖功效，具有镇痛作用，对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤（ischemia-reperfusion injury, IRI）具有保护作用，可抑制芳香化酶活性，用于治疗骨病，增强心肌收缩力，兼具解毒利胆之效，具有降血脂作用，还可用于治疗急性肾损伤等。此外，白术还具有抗凝活性，可改善神经系统病症、调节免疫系统功能，对子宫平滑肌具有调节作用，同时具备抗氧化、抗衰老及抗菌功效。目前已从白术中分离得到倍半萜类（sesquiterpenoids）、三萜类（triterpenoids）、聚乙炔类（polyacetylenes）、苯丙素类（phenylpropanoids）、香豆素类（coumarins）、黄酮类（flavonoids）、黄酮苷类（flavonoid glycosides）、甾体类（steroids）、苯醌类（benzoquinones）、多糖类（polysaccharides）等多种化学成分。其中，倍半萜类、多糖类及聚乙炔类为白术的主要药效成分。白术具有多样的药理活性，在多种中成药原料药中占据可观比例，其主要作用靶点涉及内分泌系统、神经系统及泌尿系统。综上现有研究资料表明，应聚焦白术相关的新药开发（包括其特异性活性成分）以挖掘其更大的治疗潜力，同时可进一步深入探索白术的相关研究方向。