Flavonoid derivatives and their activities for cancer prevention

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, driving the search for effective, low-toxicity preventive solutions. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive potential of flavonoid and flavonoid containing plants, including CMT-Quercetin, CMT-Rutin, Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro, and G1 mushroom as well as bamboo extract stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for cancer prevention. The findings support their potential use in functional food supplements for cancer prevention. The study commenced with the quantitative analysis of Cell Matrix Technology (CMT)-conjugated flavonoid derivatives. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS assays) were determined. Further, molecular weight and chemical functional groups were characterized by LC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, green synthesis methods were employed for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Quercetin (QT-AuNPs) and bamboo extract (BE-AuNPs), and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) with a flower-like hierarchical structure using bamboo extract. These nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, and EDAX. Their biological activities were rigorously assessed through various in vitro assays: antibacterial activity (MIC/MBC against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), wound healing and cell migration assays using L929 fibroblast cells, and anticancer efficacy against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and L929 normal cells. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid derivatives was evaluated by Western blot analysis of COX-2, NF-κB, and TNF-α expression in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Results demonstrated that commercially available flavonoid derivatives, particularly Quercetin and Rutin, exhibit slightly superior phenolic/flavonoid content, antioxidant capability, with their structural integrity confirmed by LC-MS and FTIR. In antibacterial assays, CMT-Quercetin, CMT-Rutin and G1 mushroom extract showed strong bacteriostatic effects against E. coli. CMT-Rutin significantly enhanced L929 fibroblast migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating potent wound healing potential, followed by CMT-Quercetin. Western blot analysis revealed that CMT-Colon cancer formulation dramatically suppressed COX-2, NF-κB and TNF-α expression in Caco-2 cells, highlighting its robust anti-inflammatory properties, while CMT-Quercetin and CMT-Rutin displayed complex dose-dependent modulatory effects on inflammatory markers. Green-synthesized QT-AuNPs showed spherical morphology, crystalline FCC structure, catalytic efficiency in 4-nitrophenol reduction, and enhanced antibacterial activity. BE-AuNPs were successfully synthesized, exhibiting stability and significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cells, inducing apoptosis without notable effects on normal L929 cells. Finally, the green-synthesized flower-like CuONPs demonstrated excellent photocatalytic degradation of MB dye and significant antibacterial activity, particularly against S. aureus.This study confirms the potent antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anticancer properties of CMT-flavonoids. It also validates the efficacy of green synthesis for producing highly active gold and copper oxide nanoparticles with promising catalytic and antimicrobial applications. These findings provided a robust scientific foundation for the development of novel, plant-based functional food supplements and therapeutic agents for cancer prevention and related health conditions.

癌症仍是全球性重大健康挑战，推动着人们对高效、低毒癌症预防方案的探索。本研究旨在探究黄酮类化合物及含黄酮类植物的生物活性潜力，所涉样本包括CMT-槲皮素（CMT-Quercetin）、CMT-芦丁（CMT-Rutin）、甜龙竹（Dendrocalamus sericeus Munro）、G1蘑菇，以及竹提取物稳定的金纳米颗粒（AuNPs），用于癌症预防研究。研究结果为其在癌症预防功能性食品补充剂中的应用潜力提供了支撑。
本研究首先对结合细胞基质技术（Cell Matrix Technology, CMT）的黄酮类衍生物开展定量分析，测定了总酚含量（TPC）、总黄酮含量（TFC）及抗氧化活性（DPPH、FRAP、ABTS实验）。随后，通过液相色谱-质谱联用（LC-MS）与傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对其分子量与化学官能团进行表征。
进一步，本研究采用绿色合成法，以槲皮素（QT-AuNPs）与竹提取物（BE-AuNPs）制备金纳米颗粒，并以竹提取物为原料制备具有花状分级结构的氧化铜纳米颗粒（CuONPs）。通过紫外-可见光谱、FTIR、X射线衍射（XRD）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）与能谱仪（EDAX）对上述纳米颗粒进行了全面表征。
通过多项体外实验严格评估了其生物学活性：针对金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠埃希菌的抗菌活性（最低抑菌浓度/最低杀菌浓度，MIC/MBC）；以L929成纤维细胞开展的伤口愈合与细胞迁移实验；以及针对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞与正常L929细胞的抗癌活性测试。此外，通过对Caco-2肠上皮细胞中COX-2、NF-κB及TNF-α的表达进行蛋白质印迹（Western blot）分析，评估了黄酮类衍生物的抗炎潜力。
实验结果表明，市售黄酮类衍生物，尤其是槲皮素与芦丁，表现出略优的酚类/黄酮类物质含量与抗氧化能力，其结构完整性经LC-MS与FTIR得以验证。在抗菌实验中，CMT-槲皮素、CMT-芦丁与G1蘑菇提取物对大肠埃希菌表现出较强的抑菌效果。CMT-芦丁以剂量与时间依赖的方式显著促进L929成纤维细胞迁移，展现出强效的伤口愈合潜力，CMT-槲皮素次之。蛋白质印迹分析显示，CMT-结肠癌制剂可显著抑制Caco-2细胞中COX-2、NF-κB及TNF-α的表达，凸显其优异的抗炎特性；而CMT-槲皮素与CMT-芦丁则对炎症标志物呈现出复杂的剂量依赖性调节作用。绿色合成的QT-AuNPs呈现球形形貌与面心立方（FCC）晶体结构，对4-硝基苯酚还原具有催化效率，并增强了抗菌活性。BE-AuNPs制备成功，表现出良好的稳定性，并对MCF-7癌细胞具有显著的细胞毒性，可诱导癌细胞凋亡且对正常L929细胞无明显影响。最后，绿色合成的花状CuONPs对亚甲基蓝（MB）染料展现出优异的光催化降解性能，并具有显著的抗菌活性，尤其针对金黄色葡萄球菌。
本研究证实了CMT-黄酮类化合物具有强效的抗氧化、抗炎、伤口愈合与抗癌特性。同时验证了绿色合成法用于制备高活性金与氧化铜纳米颗粒的有效性，这类纳米颗粒在催化与抗菌领域具有良好的应用前景。本研究成果为开发新型植物基功能性食品补充剂及癌症预防与相关健康问题的治疗制剂提供了坚实的科学基础。