Three-dimensional building and mobility infrastructure of the CONUS

Humanity's role in changing the face of the earth is a long-standing concern, as is the human domination of ecosystems. Geologists are debating the introduction of a new geological epoch, the 'anthropocene', as humans are 'overwhelming the great forces of nature'. In this context, the accumulation of artefacts, i.e., human-made physical objects, is a pervasive phenomenon. Variously dubbed 'manufactured capital', 'technomass', 'human-made mass', 'in-use stocks' or 'socioeconomic material stocks', they have become a major focus of sustainability sciences in the last decade. Globally, the mass of socioeconomic material stocks now exceeds 10e14 kg, which is roughly equal to the dry-matter equivalent of all biomass on earth. It is doubling roughly every 20 years, almost perfectly in line with 'real' (i.e. inflation-adjusted) GDP. In terms of mass, buildings and infrastructures (here collectively called 'built structures') represent the overwhelming majority of all socioeconomic material stocks. This dataset features intermediate mapping results for estimating material stocks in the CONUS (see related identifiers) on a 10m grid based on high resolution Earth Observation data (Sentinel-1 + Sentinel-2), Microsoft building footprints, NLCD Impervious data, and crowd-sourced geodata (OSM). These data may also be useful on their own. Provided layers @10m resolution- Building height- Building type- Building area- Impervious fraction- street, and rail area- Building and street climate zones- County zones- State masks- EQUI7 correction factors Spatial extentThis dataset covers the whole CONUS. Temporal extentThe maps are representative for ca. 2018. Data formatThe data are organized in 100km x 100km tiles (EQUI7 grid), and mosaics are provided. Further informationFor further information, please see the main publication.A web-visualization of the resulting dataset is available here.Visit our website to learn more about our project MAT_STOCKS - Understanding the Role of Material Stock Patterns for the Transformation to a Sustainable Society. PublicationD. Frantz, F. Schug, D. Wiedenhofer, A. Baumgart, D. Virág, S. Cooper, C. Gómez-Medina, F. Lehmann, T. Udelhoven, S. van der Linden, P. Hostert, and H. Haberl (2023): Unveiling patterns in human dominated landscapes through mapping the mass of US built structures. Nature Communications 14, 8014. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43755-5 FundingThis research was primarly funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (MAT_STOCKS, grant agreement No 741950). AcknowledgmentsWe thank the European Space Agency and the European Commission for freely and openly sharing Sentinel imagery; USGS for the National Land Cover Database; Microsoft for Building Footprints; Geofabrik and all contributors for OpenStreetMap.This dataset was partly produced on EODC - we thank Clement Atzberger for supporting the generation of this dataset by sharing disc space on EODC, and Wolfgang Wagner for granting access to preprocessed Sentinel-1 data.人类活动对地球面貌的改造作用，以及人类对生态系统的支配地位，长期以来都是学界关注的核心议题。地质学家们正在热议是否要引入全新的地质纪年——人类世（Anthropocene），因人类活动已“远超自然的核心驱动力”。在此背景下，人工制品（即人类制造的实体物件）的积累已成为一种普遍现象。这类物质先后被冠以“制造资本”“技术物质总量（technomass）”“人工物质总量”“在用存量”或“社会经济物质存量”等多种称谓，近十年来已成为可持续发展科学的重要研究焦点。目前，全球社会经济物质存量总质量已突破10^14千克，大致相当于地球所有生物质的干物质总当量；其总量约每20年翻一番，与经通胀调整的“实际”国内生产总值（GDP）的增长轨迹高度吻合。从质量占比来看，建筑物与基础设施（本文统称“建成环境”）占据了社会经济物质存量的绝大多数份额。 本数据集呈现了美国本土（CONUS，Contiguous United States）范围内基于10米网格分辨率估算物质存量的中间制图成果，制图融合了高分辨率地球观测数据（哨兵1号Sentinel-1、哨兵2号Sentinel-2）、微软建筑轮廓数据（Microsoft building footprints）、美国国家土地覆盖数据库不透水面数据（NLCD Impervious data）以及众源地理空间数据（OSM，OpenStreetMap）。上述数据本身也具备独立应用价值。 本次提供的10米分辨率图层包含： - 建筑高度 - 建筑类型 - 建筑面积 - 不透水面占比 - 道路与铁路面积 - 建筑与街道气候分区 - 县域分区 - 州域掩膜 - EQUI7校正因子 空间覆盖范围：本数据集覆盖整个美国本土。 时间覆盖范围：制图数据的代表性时段约为2018年。 数据格式：数据以100千米×100千米的瓦片（EQUI7网格）组织，并提供拼接后的完整数据集。 补充说明：详细信息请参阅主论文。本数据集的可视化网页可通过此处访问。可访问项目官网，了解更多关于“MAT_STOCKS——解析物质存量格局对可持续社会转型的作用”项目的相关内容。 论文信息：D. Frantz、F. Schug、D. Wiedenhofer、A. Baumgart、D. Virág、S. Cooper、C. Gómez-Medina、F. Lehmann、T. Udelhoven、S. van der Linden、P. Hostert与H. Haberl（2023）：《通过绘制美国建成环境质量图谱揭示人类主导景观的格局特征》，《自然-通讯》（Nature Communications），第14卷，第8014篇。DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43755-5 资助信息：本研究主要由欧盟“地平线2020”研究与创新框架下的欧洲研究理事会（ERC，European Research Council）资助（项目编号：MAT_STOCKS，资助协议号741950）。 致谢：感谢欧洲空间局与欧盟委员会免费公开共享哨兵系列影像数据；感谢美国地质调查局（USGS）提供国家土地覆盖数据库；感谢微软提供建筑轮廓数据；感谢Geofabrik与所有OpenStreetMap贡献者。本数据集部分在EODC平台完成制作，感谢Clement Atzberger通过在EODC平台提供磁盘空间支持本数据集的生成，以及Wolfgang Wagner授权使用预处理后的Sentinel-1数据。