Chirp shotpoint navigation from USGS cruise 2001-013-FA from Pamlico Sound, North Carolina (bbc2001013_shots.shp)

The northeastern North Carolina coastal system, from False Cape, Virginia, to Cape Lookout, North Carolina, has been studied by a cooperative research program that mapped the Quaternary geologic framework of the estuaries, barrier islands, and inner continental shelf. This information provides a basis to understand the linkage between geologic framework, physical processes, and coastal evolution at time scales from storm events to millennia. The study area attracts significant tourism to its parks and beaches, contains a number of coastal communities, and supports a local fishing industry, all of which are impacted by coastal change. Knowledge derived from this research program can be used to mitigate hazards and facilitate effective management of this dynamic coastal system.
This regional mapping project produced spatial datasets of high-resolution geophysical (bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and seismic reflection) and sedimentary (core and grab-sample) data. The high-resolution geophysical data were collected during numerous surveys within the back-barrier estuarine system, along the barrier island complex, in the nearshore, and along the inner continental shelf. Sediment cores were taken on the mainland and along the barrier islands, and both cores and grab samples were taken on the inner shelf. Data collection was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and several other institutions including East Carolina University (ECU), the North Carolina Geological Survey, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS).
The high-resolution geophysical data of the inner continental shelf were collected during six separate surveys conducted between 1999 and 2004 (four USGS surveys north of Cape Hatteras: 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA, 2002-013-FA, and two USGS surveys south of Cape Hatteras: 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) and cover more than 2600 square kilometers of the inner shelf. Single-beam bathymetry data were collected north of Cape Hatteras in 1999 using a Furuno fathometer. Swath bathymetry data were collected on all other inner shelf surveys using a SEA, Ltd. SwathPLUS 234-kHz bathymetric sonar. Chirp seismic data as well as sidescan-sonar data were collected with a Teledyne Benthos (Datasonics) SIS-1000 north of Cape Hatteras along with boomer seismic reflection data (cruises 1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-012-FA and 2002-013-FA). An Edgetech 512i was used to collect chirp seismic data south of Cape Hatteras (cruises 2003-003-FA and 2004-003-FA) along with a Klein 3000 sidescan-sonar system. Sediment samples were collected with a Van Veen grab sampler during four of the USGS surveys (1999-045-FA, 2001-005-FA, 2002-013-FA, and 2004-003-FA). Additional sediment core data along the inner shelf are provided from previously published studies.
A cooperative study, between the North Carolina Geological Survey and the Minerals Management Service (MMS cores), collected vibracores along the inner continental shelf offshore of Nags Head, Kill Devils Hills and Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1996. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected vibracores along the inner shelf offshore of Dare County in August 1995 (NDC cores) and July-August 1995 (SNL cores). These cores are curated by the North Carolina Geological Survey and were used as part of the ground validation process in this study.
Nearshore geophysical and core data were collected by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. The nearshore is defined here as the region between the 10-m isobath and the shoreline. High-resolution bathymetry, backscatter intensity, and chirp seismic data were collected between June 2002 and May 2004. Vibracore samples were collected in May and July 2005.
Shallow subsurface geophysical data were acquired along the Outer Banks barrier islands using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Data were collected by East Carolina University from 2002 to 2005. Rotasonic cores (OBX cores) from five drilling operations were collected from 2002 to 2006 by the North Carolina Geological Survey as part of the cooperative study with the USGS. These cores are distributed throughout the Outer Banks as well as the mainland.
The USGS collected seismic data for the Quaternary section within the Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system between 2001 and 2004 during six surveys (2001-013-FA, 2002-015-FA, 2003-005-FA, 2003-042-FA, 2004-005-FA, and 2004-006-FA). These surveys used Geopulse Boomer and Knudsen Engineering Limited (KEL) 320BR Chirp systems, except cruise 2003-042-FA, which used an Edgetech 424 Chirp and a boomer system. The study area includes Albemarle Sound and selected tributary estuaries such as the South, Pungo, Alligator, and Pasquotank Rivers; Pamlico Sound and trunk estuaries including the Neuse and Pamlico Rivers; and back-barrier sounds including Currituck, Croatan, Roanoke, Core, and Bogue.

美国北卡罗来纳州东北部沿海系统（范围从弗吉尼亚州假海角至北卡罗来纳州卢考特角）已通过一项合作研究计划开展系统研究，该计划完成了河口湾、障壁岛及大陆架内缘的第四纪地质框架填图工作。本研究获取的信息为理解地质框架、物理过程与海岸演化之间的关联提供了基础，研究时间尺度覆盖从风暴事件到千年尺度的多个区间。该研究区域的公园与海滩拥有大量游客，沿岸分布多个社区，并支撑着当地渔业，上述各类活动均受海岸变化的影响。本研究项目产出的成果可用于缓解海岸灾害风险，并为该动态沿海系统的有效管理提供支撑。

本区域填图项目生成了多套空间数据集，涵盖高分辨率地球物理数据（包括测深数据、背散射强度数据与地震反射数据）以及沉积学数据（包括岩心与抓斗采样数据）。高分辨率地球物理数据通过多次勘测采集获得，勘测范围覆盖障壁后河口湾系统、障壁岛群、近岸海域以及大陆架内缘区域。沉积岩心采集于大陆区域及障壁岛沿岸，而岩心与抓斗采样样品均采集于大陆架内缘区域。本次数据采集工作由美国地质调查局（U.S. Geological Survey, USGS）联合东卡罗来纳大学（East Carolina University, ECU）、北卡罗来纳地质调查局以及弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所（Virginia Institute of Marine Science, VIMS）等多家机构共同完成。

大陆架内缘的高分辨率地球物理数据通过1999年至2004年间开展的6次独立勘测采集获得（其中4次为哈特拉斯角以北的USGS勘测：1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA、2002-013-FA；另外2次为哈特拉斯角以南的USGS勘测：2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA），覆盖范围超过2600平方千米的大陆架内缘区域。1999年，研究团队采用古野测深仪在哈特拉斯角以北区域采集了单波束测深数据。其余所有大陆架内缘勘测均采用SEA有限公司SwathPLUS 234千赫兹测深声呐采集条带测深数据。在哈特拉斯角以北区域，研究团队采用Teledyne Benthos（Datasonics）SIS-1000设备采集声呐脉冲串地震数据与侧扫声呐数据，并在1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-012-FA以及2002-013-FA四次勘测中采集了Boomer地震反射数据。在哈特拉斯角以南的2003-003-FA与2004-003-FA两次勘测中，研究团队采用Edgetech 512i设备采集声呐脉冲串地震数据，并搭配Klein 3000侧扫声呐系统开展数据采集。在四次USGS勘测（1999-045-FA、2001-005-FA、2002-013-FA与2004-003-FA）中，研究团队采用范维恩抓斗采样器采集沉积样品。大陆架内缘的额外沉积岩心数据则来自已发表的相关研究。

1996年，北卡罗来纳地质调查局与矿产管理服务局（Minerals Management Service, MMS）开展合作研究，在北卡罗来纳州纳格斯黑德、基尔迪维尔希尔斯与基蒂霍克近海的大陆架内缘区域采集振动岩心样品（MMS岩心）。美国陆军工程兵团分别于1995年8月与1995年7-8月，在戴尔县近海的大陆架内缘区域采集振动岩心样品，分别对应NDC岩心与SNL岩心。这批岩心由北卡罗来纳地质调查局负责管理，并作为本次研究地面验证工作的一部分得到应用。

弗吉尼亚海洋科学研究所采集了近岸区域的地球物理与岩心数据。本次研究中，近岸区域被定义为10米等深线与海岸线之间的海域。研究团队于2002年6月至2004年5月间采集了高分辨率测深数据、背散射强度数据与声呐脉冲串地震数据，并于2005年5月与7月采集了振动岩心样品。

东卡罗来纳大学于2002年至2005年间，采用探地雷达（GPR）系统在外班克斯障壁岛沿岸采集了浅部地下地球物理数据。北卡罗来纳地质调查局作为与USGS的合作研究项目的一部分，于2002年至2006年间通过5次钻探作业采集了旋转声波岩心（OBX岩心），这批岩心分布于外班克斯区域及大陆区域。

USGS于2001年至2004年间通过6次勘测（2001-013-FA、2002-015-FA、2003-005-FA、2003-042-FA、2004-005-FA与2004-006-FA）采集了阿尔伯马尔-帕姆利科河口系统内第四纪地层的地震数据。除2003-042-FA勘测采用Edgetech 424声呐脉冲串系统与Boomer系统外，其余勘测均采用Geopulse Boomer系统与克努德森工程有限公司（Knudsen Engineering Limited, KEL）320BR声呐脉冲串系统。本次研究区域包括阿尔伯马尔湾及其支流河口湾（如南河、庞戈河、短吻鳄河与帕斯科坦克河）、帕姆利科湾及其主干河口湾（如纽斯河与帕姆利科河），以及障壁后海湾（如库里蒂克湾、克罗阿坦湾、罗阿诺克湾、科尔湾与博格湾）。