IoT-based Room Air Quality Automation and Monitoring System in Emergency Rooms

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) management in hospital Emergency Rooms (ER) is critical for preventing cross-infection and ensuring the safety of medical personnel. Traditional ventilation systems often lack the responsiveness required to mitigate sudden pollutant spikes and medical odors, leading to increased risks of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). This paper proposes an automated IoT-based monitoring and control system utilizing an ESP32 edge computing architecture to provide real-time environmental intervention. The system integrates a multi-sensor matrix to track CO2, PM2.5, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and O2 levels with high precision. By processing data locally at the edge, the system achieves a response latency of under 4 seconds, effectively triggering an automated Negative Pressure Mechanism. This mechanism ensures a directional airflow sweep that contains airborne pathogens and hazardous gases at the source, preventing their circulation into sterile hospital corridors. Experimental results demonstrate a 99.14% accuracy in thermal tracking and high reliability in pollutant containment, aligning with ASHRAE 170 standards. The findings suggest that the proposed low-cost automated framework provides a robust solution for enhancing clinical safety and operational compliance in modern healthcare facilities.