Female-biased froghoppers (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea) from the Mesozoic of China and phylogenetic reconstruction of early Cercopoidea

Cercopoidea is a diverse insect group, but its early evolution, disparity and ecology remain unclear. <i>Juroala daohugouensis</i> Chen &amp; Wang gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle–Upper Jurassic of north-eastern China, is established herein and described on the basis of 42 whole-bodied fossils, representing a new subfamily, Juroalinae subfam. nov. of the primitive family Sinoalidae. <i>Chengdecercopis</i> Hong, 1983 is transferred from Procercopidae to this new subfamily and <i>Stictocercopis</i> Fu &amp; Huang, 2018 is also attributed to the new subfamily. Fangyuanini Chen &amp; Wang trib. nov. is erected for <i>Fangyuania</i> Chen, Szwedo &amp; Wang, 2018 from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Our cladistic analyses recover the relationships within the Cercopoidea as follows: (Juroalinae + (Sinoalini + Fangyuanini)) + (Procercopidae + (Cercopionidae + five modern families)). The evolutionary history and morphological diversification in the Mesozoic is discussed based on our phylogenetic reconstruction. In addition, the abundant material in the present study not only indicates high intra-specific or even intra-individual variation caused by biological and/or taphonomic factors, but also reveals an extremely female-biased propensity, suggesting that the new taxon probably had adaptations to special palaeoenvironments in physiology, ecology and ethology (e.g. parthenogenesis and sociability). http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5EDD7D33-D509-4330-A01F-F41DF664E1C2

沫蝉总科（Cercopoidea）是一个物种多样性丰富的昆虫类群，但其早期演化历程、形态分异度与生态特征迄今仍未明确。本文基于42件完整躯体化石，正式建立道虎沟侏罗沫蝉（*Juroala daohugouensis*）Chen & Wang gen. et sp. nov. 这一新属新种，其隶属于原始类群中华沫蝉科（Sinoalidae）的一新亚科——侏罗沫蝉亚科（Juroalinae subfam. nov.）。原归入前沫蝉科（Procercopidae）的承德沫蝉属（*Chengdecercopis*）Hong, 1983，现被移至该新亚科；斑点沫蝉属（*Stictocercopis*）Fu & Huang, 2018亦被归入此新亚科。方源沫蝉族（Fangyuanini）Chen & Wang trib. nov. 为本文新建立的族级分类单元，用以涵盖产自白垩纪中期缅甸琥珀的方源沫蝉属（*Fangyuania*）Chen, Szwedo & Wang, 2018。我们的分支系统学分析还原了沫蝉总科内部的系统发育关系如下：（侏罗沫蝉亚科 + （中华沫蝉族Sinoalini + 方源沫蝉族）） + （前沫蝉科Procercopidae + （尖胸沫蝉科Cercopionidae + 5个现生科））。基于本次系统发育重建结果，本文讨论了沫蝉总科在中生代的演化历史与形态分异模式。此外，本研究所获的丰富标本材料不仅揭示了由生物因素和/或埋藏学因素导致的显著种内甚至个体内形态变异，还表现出极强的雌性个体偏向性，这暗示该新类群可能在生理、生态与行为学层面（如孤雌生殖与社群行为）适应了特殊的古环境。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5EDD7D33-D509-4330-A01F-F41DF664E1C2