WELL — Global gridded reconstruction of heat- and cold-induced workplace labour loss, 1950–2025

This dataset provides a 75-year global reconstruction of thermal labour loss derived from ERA5-Land hourly reanalysis (1950–2025). Annual labour loss is quantified using the WELL (Workplace Environmental Labour Loss) response function (Ioannou et al., 2025, JOEM 67(6):393–399), which relates outdoor Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) to work time loss (WTL) through a U-shaped cubic polynomial fitted from real-world second-by-second worker performance data across six countries. Outdoor WBGT is computed hourly at ~10 km global resolution following ISO 7243:2017: natural wet-bulb temperature (Twb) is derived via Newton-Raphson solution of the psychrometric equation using ERA5-Land surface pressure; globe temperature (Tg) follows the Liljegren et al. (2008) radiative approach; WBGT = 0.7·Twb + 0.2·Tg + 0.1·Tdb. Hourly fractional WTL values are summed to annual totals expressed in hours-equivalent per year (h-eq·yr⁻¹), where one h-eq represents one complete hour of productive work capacity lost to thermal stress. Results are normalised per 10,000 working-age inhabitants (WorldPop 15–65 yr, 2015 baseline). Three coefficient variants are provided for each year — upper bound, mean (primary result), and lower bound — enabling uncertainty quantification. Heat-induced and cold-induced components are separated at the WBGT optimum (x_min: 15.6 °C for the mean curve). Contents: 76 annual GeoTIFFs (1950–2025), 9 bands each: WELL 76 annual mean 2 m temperature GeoTIFFs (ERA5-Land): t2m Working-age population raster (WorldPop 2015): worldpop_1565_2015.tif IPCC AR6 climate zone classification: IPCC_Climate_Zones_ts_3.25.tif Full analysis code in R and Google Earth Engine JavaScript: code All rasters: EPSG:4326, ~0.09° resolution (~10 km at the equator), Float32.本数据集提供了基于ERA5-Land逐小时再分析数据（1950–2025年）构建的75年全球热应激劳动损失重建序列。年度劳动损失通过工作场所环境劳动损失（Workplace Environmental Labour Loss, WELL）响应函数进行量化（Ioannou等，2025，《职业与环境医学》67(6):393–399），该函数通过对六国逐秒劳动者绩效数据拟合得到的U型三次多项式，建立了室外湿球黑球温度（Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature, WBGT）与劳动时间损失（Work Time Loss, WTL）之间的关联。 室外湿球黑球温度（WBGT）按照ISO 7243:2017标准，以约10公里的全球分辨率逐小时计算：自然湿球温度（Twb）通过利用ERA5-Land地表气压求解湿空气热力学方程的牛顿-拉夫逊（Newton-Raphson）法得到；黑球温度（Tg）采用Liljegren等（2008）提出的辐射计算方法；WBGT计算公式为0.7·Twb + 0.2·Tg + 0.1·Tdb。逐小时的分数劳动时间损失（WTL）值被累加为年度总量，单位为"小时当量每年"（h-eq·yr⁻¹），其中1个小时当量代表因热应激损失的完整1小时生产劳动时长。所有结果以每10000名劳动年龄人口为基准进行归一化（数据来源为WorldPop 2015年15–65岁人口数据集）。 本数据集为每个年份提供三组系数变体——上限、均值（核心结果）和下限，以实现不确定性量化。在WBGT最优值（均值曲线对应的x_min为15.6℃）处，可将热诱导和冷诱导的劳动损失分量分离。 数据集包含以下内容： 1. 76幅年度GeoTIFF文件（1950–2025年），每幅含9个波段：WELL（工作场所环境劳动损失） 2. 76幅年度平均2米气温GeoTIFF文件（ERA5-Land数据）：t2m 3. 劳动年龄人口栅格文件（WorldPop 2015年数据）：worldpop_1565_2015.tif 4. IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）气候分区分类栅格文件：IPCC_Climate_Zones_ts_3.25.tif 5. 完整的R语言及Google Earth Engine JavaScript分析代码：code 所有栅格数据均采用EPSG:4326坐标系，分辨率约0.09°（赤道处约10公里），数据类型为Float32。