Can biodiesel become a determinant Bioeconomy factor towards sustainability: Mixture physicochemical composition and Input-Output (I-O) indicators of biodiesel sector.

Energy deployment owns an important role by introducing dynamic strategies, in order to achieve the long-term purpose of sustainability. The challenge of climate change and a potential increase in the energy demand, following the expected society development rebound after COVID-19 and war in Ukraine, could ideally lead central decision-making policies to produce technological, economic, social, environmental viable solutions. According to the EU, Bioeconomy involves the above decision-making policies, so as to produce renewable biological resources and convert them and their waste streams into value-added products, such as food, feed, organic-based products and bioenergy. The goal of Bioeconomy, through sustainable production and the rational use of biological resources (including waste), is to produce more from less. The purpose of this paper is to point out the beneficial effects of using biodiesel or mixtures of biodiesel, both as in the physicochemical composition of the mixture, and also as an indicator employed to reveal the potential of biodiesel to induce knock-on effects in the national economy of Greece. In order to analyze the composition of the mixture, extensive experimentation (about 3500) has been executed in the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Department in the University of Western Macedonia under normal conditions (as it is defined by government protocols), providing significant information about the two mixture ingredients (diesel and biodiesel). Moreover, in order to assess the significance of biodiesel at national level, in terms of output, employment and income creation, an Input-Output (I-O) model and I-O multipliers were used.

能源部署通过引入动态战略发挥着关键作用，以实现可持续发展的长期目标。气候变化带来的挑战，以及新冠疫情(COVID-19)与乌克兰冲突后社会预期复苏所引发的能源需求潜在增长，有望推动中央决策制定出兼具技术、经济、社会与环境可行性的解决方案。根据欧盟(European Union)的定义，生物经济(Bioeconomy)涵盖上述决策制定范畴，旨在生产可再生生物资源，并将这些资源及其废弃物流转化为高附加值产品，例如食品、饲料、有机基制品与生物能源。生物经济的目标是通过可持续生产与生物资源（含废弃物）的合理利用，实现以更少投入获得更多产出。本研究旨在阐明使用生物柴油或其混合燃料的积极作用，既涵盖混合燃料的物理化学组成特性，也可作为揭示生物柴油在希腊国民经济中产生连锁效应潜力的指标。为分析混合燃料的组成，研究团队在西马其顿大学化学工程系实验室中，按照政府规程定义的标准条件开展了约3500组大规模实验，获取了关于两种混合组分（柴油与生物柴油）的关键信息。此外，为从产出、就业与收入创造层面评估生物柴油在国家层面的重要性，本研究采用了投入产出(Input-Output, I-O)模型与投入产出乘数。