Supplemental Dataset 2_165 populations with genetic data from A worldwide view of matriliny: using cross-cultural analyses to shed light on human kinship systems

Although matriliny and matrilocality are relatively rare in contemporary human populations, these female-based descent and residence systems are present in different cultural contexts and across the globe. Previous research has generated numerous hypotheses about which cultural traits are associated with the stability or loss of matrilineal descent. In addition, several studies have examined matrilineal descent with phylogenetic analyses; however, the use of language phylogenies has restricted these analyses to comparisons within a single language family, often confined to a single continent. Cross-cultural comparisons are particularly informative when they account for the relationships between widely distributed populations, as opposed to treating each population as an independent sample or focusing on a single region. Here, we study the evolution of descent systems on a worldwide scale. First, we test for significant associations between matriliny and numerous cultural traits that have been theoretically associated with its stability or loss, such as subsistence strategy, animal domestication, mating system, residence pattern, wealth transfer and property succession. In addition, by combining genetic and linguistic information to build a global supertree that includes 16 matrilineal populations, we also perform phylogenetically controlled analyses to assess the patterns of correlated evolution between descent and other traits: for example, does a change in subsistence strategy generally predict a shift in the rules of descent, or do these transitions happen independently? These analyses enable a worldwide perspective on the pattern and process of the evolution of matriliny and matrilocality.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals’.

尽管母系制（matriliny）与从母居制（matrilocality）在当代人类群体中相对罕见，但这类以女性为核心的继嗣与居住体系，却广泛分布于全球不同文化语境之中。既往研究已提出诸多假说，旨在探讨哪些文化特征与母系继嗣的存续或消亡存在关联。此外，已有多项研究借助系统发育分析对母系继嗣体系展开考察；然而，由于依赖语言系统发育框架，此类分析往往仅能覆盖单一语系，且通常局限于单个大陆。
跨文化比较在兼顾广泛分布群体间的亲缘关系时，其阐释价值尤为突出——这不同于将每个群体视作独立样本，或仅聚焦单一区域的研究范式。
本研究在全球尺度下探讨继嗣体系的演化。首先，我们检验母系制与诸多理论上与其存续或消亡相关的文化特征间是否存在显著关联，这些特征包括生存策略、动物驯化、婚配制度、居住模式、财富转移与财产继承。
此外，我们结合遗传与语言信息构建涵盖16个母系群体的全球超树，并通过系统发育控制分析，探究继嗣体系与其他特征间的协同演化模式：例如，生存策略的转变是否通常预示着继嗣规则的改变，抑或二者的演化转变彼此独立？
本研究可为母系制与从母居制的演化模式与过程提供全球视角。本文隶属于主题议题‘人类与其他哺乳动物的雌性偏向亲缘关系演化（The evolution of female-biased kinship in humans and other mammals）’。