Data_Sheet_1_The cultivation regimes of Morchella sextelata trigger shifts in the community assemblage and ecological traits of soil bacteria.pdf

The successful large-scale cultivation of morel mushrooms (Morchella sextelata) requires a comprehensive understanding of the soil bacterial communities associated with morel-farming beds, as the interactions between fungi and bacteria play a crucial role in shaping the soil microbiome. In this study, we investigated the temporal distribution and ecological characteristics of soil bacteria associated with morel fruiting bodies at different stages, specifically the conidial and primordial stages, under two cropping regimes, non-continuous cropping (NCC) and continuous cropping (CC). Our findings revealed a significant reduction in the yield of morel primordia during the third year following 2 years of CC (0.29 ± 0.25 primordia/grid), in comparison to the NCC regime (12.39 ± 6.09 primordia/grid). Furthermore, inoculation with morel mycelia had a notable impact on soil bacterial diversity, decreasing it in the NCC regime and increasing the number of generalist bacterial members in the CC regime. The latter regime also led to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil beds, resulting in a shift from a stochastic to a deterministic process in the composition of the bacterial community, which differed from the NCC regime. Additionally, mycelial inoculation had a positive effect on the abundance of potential copiotrophic/denitrifying and N-fixing bacteria while decreasing the abundance of oligotrophic/nitrifying bacteria. Interestingly, this effect was more pronounced in the NCC regime than in the CC regime. These results suggest that the increase in potential copiotrophic/denitrifying and N-fixing bacteria facilitated the decomposition of nutrients in exogenous nutrient bags by morel mushrooms, thereby maintaining nitrogen balance in the soil. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the interactions between morel mycelia and the associated soil bacteriome as well as the influence of different cultivation regimes on these interactions. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex dynamics of the soil microbiome and can inform strategies for optimizing morel mushroom cultivation.

羊肚菌（Morchella sextelata）的规模化成功栽培，需要全面掌握羊肚菌栽培床相关土壤细菌群落的特征，因为真菌与细菌的互作在塑造土壤微生物组（soil microbiome）的过程中发挥关键作用。本研究针对两种栽培模式——非连作（non-continuous cropping, NCC）与连作（continuous cropping, CC），探究了不同发育阶段（分生孢子期与原基期）羊肚菌子实体相关土壤细菌的时间分布特征与生态学特性。研究结果显示，相较于非连作模式下的12.39±6.09原基/网格，经过2年连作后的第三年，羊肚菌原基产量显著下降至0.29±0.25原基/网格。进一步分析表明，接种羊肚菌菌丝对土壤细菌多样性存在显著调控效应：在非连作模式下细菌多样性降低，而连作模式下广谱细菌类群的丰度得以提升。连作模式还会导致栽培床土壤养分累积，使细菌群落组成的构建过程从随机过程转向确定性过程，这与非连作模式存在显著差异。此外，接种羊肚菌菌丝可提升潜在富营养型/反硝化细菌与固氮细菌的丰度，同时降低贫营养型/硝化细菌的丰度，且该调控效应在非连作模式下更为显著。研究表明，潜在富营养型/反硝化细菌与固氮细菌的增加，可促进羊肚菌对外源营养袋中养分的分解，进而维持土壤氮素平衡。综上，本研究深入解析了羊肚菌菌丝与相关土壤细菌组（soil bacteriome）之间的互作关系，以及不同栽培模式对该互作的调控作用，为理解土壤微生物组的复杂动态变化提供了重要参考，同时可为优化羊肚菌栽培策略提供理论依据。