S2 Dataset -

Between January and March 2022, crew aboard the International Space Station (ISS) performed the first archaeological fieldwork in space, the Sampling Quadrangle Assemblages Research Experiment (SQuARE). The experiment aimed to: (1) develop a new understanding of how humans adapt to life in an environmental context for which we are not evolutionarily adapted, using evidence from the observation of material culture; (2) identify disjunctions between planned and actual usage of facilities on a space station; (3) develop and test techniques that enable archaeological research at a distance; and (4) demonstrate the relevance of social science methods and perspectives for improving life in space. In this article, we describe our methodology, which involves a creative re-imagining of a long-standing sampling practice for the characterization of a site, the shovel test pit. The ISS crew marked out six sample locations (“squares”) around the ISS and documented them through daily photography over a 60-day period. Here we present the results from two of the six squares: an equipment maintenance area, and an area near exercise equipment and the latrine. Using the photographs and an innovative webtool, we identified 5,438 instances of items, labeling them by type and function. We then performed chronological analyses to determine how the documented areas were actually used. Our results show differences between intended and actual use, with storage the most common function of the maintenance area, and personal hygiene activities most common in an undesignated area near locations for exercise and waste.2022年1月至3月期间，国际空间站（International Space Station，ISS）机组人员开展了人类历史上首次太空考古实地工作——采样四边形组合研究实验（Sampling Quadrangle Assemblages Research Experiment，SQuARE）。该实验旨在达成以下目标：（1）借助物质文化观测证据，全新阐释人类如何适应非进化适配的环境中的生活；（2）识别空间站设施规划使用与实际使用之间的偏差；（3）开发并测试可开展远程考古研究的技术；（4）论证社会科学方法与视角对改善太空生活的适用性。本文阐述了研究方法——对用于遗址特征刻画的传统采样手段铲试坑（shovel test pit）进行创新性重构。ISS机组人员在空间站周边划定6处采样点位（即“方形区域”），并在60天周期内通过每日摄影对其进行记录。本文呈现了6处区域中2处的研究结果：一处为设备维护区，另一处为运动器材与厕所附近区域。借助拍摄照片与一款创新性网页工具，我们共识别出5438件物品实例，并按类型与功能对其进行标注。随后我们开展年代学分析，以明确上述记录区域的实际使用情况。研究结果显示，规划使用与实际使用存在差异：维护区最常见的功能为储物，而在运动与废弃物处理区域附近的未指定区域中，个人卫生活动最为频繁。