A Comprehensive Review of ESP32-Based IoT Architectures for Lean and Sustainable Smart Agriculture

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies with Lean Manufacturing principleshas emerged as a promising approach to optimize agricultural productivity, sustainability, andresource utilization. Smart agriculture systems leveraging low-cost microcontrollers such asESP32 enable real-time monitoring, automation, and data-driven decision-making. This reviewpaper explores the convergence of IoT-based precision agriculture and Lean principles such aswaste reduction, continuous improvement, and efficiency optimization. The study examinessystem architectures, applications, benefits, and challenges associated with ESP32-based smartfarming systems. Findings indicate that IoT-enabled agriculture significantly enhances waterefficiency, crop yield, and operational efficiency, while Lean principles contribute to minimizing waste and improving process optimization . However, challenges such as scalability, datareliability, and implementation costs remain critical barriers, The paper concludes with futureresearch directions emphasizing intelligent automation and sustainable agricultural practices.物联网（Internet of Things, IoT）技术与精益制造（Lean Manufacturing）理念的融合，已成为优化农业生产力、可持续性与资源利用率的极具前景的解决方案。依托ESP32等低成本微控制器的智慧农业系统，可实现实时监测、自动化控制与数据驱动决策。本综述探讨了基于物联网的精准农业与精益制造理念（如减废、持续改进与效率优化）的融合路径。本研究梳理了基于ESP32的智慧农业系统相关的系统架构、应用场景、优势与挑战。研究结果表明，物联网赋能的农业可显著提升水资源利用效率、作物产量与运营效率，而精益制造理念则有助于减少浪费、优化作业流程。但可扩展性、数据可靠性与部署成本等仍是当前的关键瓶颈。本综述最后提出了未来研究方向，重点聚焦智能自动化与可持续农业实践。