Fungal adaptation to contemporary fungicide applications: the case of Botrytis cinerea populations from Champagne vineyards (France)

In addition to being one of the most acute problems impeding chemical control of fungal diseases, the evolution of fungicide resistance is an emblematic case of local adaptation to spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable selection pressures. Here we dissected the adaptation of Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) populations on grapes to several fungicides. We carried out a 2-year survey (four collection dates) on three treated/untreated pairs of plots from vineyards in Champagne (France) and monitored the frequency of four resistant phenotypes that are unambiguously associated with four distinct genotypes. For two loci under selection by currently used fungicides (MDR1 and MDR2), the frequencies of resistant mutations at vintage were greater in treated plots compared to untreated plots, showing that the effect of selection is detectable even at the plot scale. This effect was not detectable for two other loci under selection by previously used fungicides (BenR1 and...

除了作为阻碍真菌病害化学防控的最为严峻的问题之一外，杀菌剂抗性的演化亦是针对空间异质性与时间动态选择压力进行局部适应的标志性范例。本研究解析了引发葡萄灰霉病（grey mould）的致病菌灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）种群对多种杀菌剂的适应过程。我们于法国香槟产区的葡萄园开展了为期2年的采样调查，共设置4次采样节点，覆盖3组经杀菌剂处理与未处理的配对样地，并对4种明确对应不同基因型的抗性表型频率进行了监测。针对当前生产中使用的杀菌剂所选择的两个基因座（MDR1与MDR2），经处理样地中收获季的抗性突变频率显著高于未处理样地，这表明即便在样地尺度下也可检测到选择压的作用效果。而针对此前生产中使用的杀菌剂所选择的另外两个基因座（BenR1及……），则未检测到该效应。