Regardless of their details, synergies bring about functional limitations, Part II.

Functional consequences of three additional potential synergies, for total of five beyond those reported by Osu and Gomi (1999), as mentioned in Fig 11. Because synergies invariably imply a loss of control degrees of freedom (i.e., fewer independently controllable muscles as seen in Fig 5), it is to be expected that they all reduce the controllability of the size, shape and orientation of the stiffness ellipses as shown here and in Fig 11. Therefore, our results are generalizable to the concept of synergies in general, and are not limited to the particulars of any one specific synergy.

如图11所述，除Osu与Gomi（1999）报道的协同作用外，本研究新增三组潜在协同作用，总计五组协同作用，其功能效应即为本文探讨的内容。由于协同作用（synergy）必然伴随着控制自由度的损失（即如图5所示，可独立调控的肌肉数量减少），因此可以预见，所有协同作用均会降低刚度椭圆（stiffness ellipses）的大小、形状与朝向的可控性，这一结论与本文及图11中的结果相符。因此，本研究结果可推广至一般的协同作用概念范畴，并不局限于某一种特定协同作用的具体情形。