Data_Sheet_1_Mushrooms: a food-based solution to vitamin D deficiency to include in dietary guidelines.pdf

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is a public health issue, with low dietary vitamin D intakes a contributing factor. Rates of vitamin D deficiency are 31% in Australia, and up to 72% in some regions globally. While supplementation is often prescribed as an alternative to additional sun exposure, complementary approaches including food-based solutions are needed. Yet, food-centric dietary guidelines are not always adequate for meeting vitamin D needs. Edible mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus can produce over 100% of vitamin D recommendations (10 μg/day, Institute of Medicine) per 75 g serve (18 μg) on exposure to UV-light, with the vitamin D2 produced showing good stability during cooking and processing. However, mushrooms are overlooked as a vitamin D source in dietary guidelines. Our dietary modelling shows that four serves/week of UV-exposed button mushrooms can support most Australian adults in meeting vitamin D recommendations, and UV-exposed mushrooms have been found to increase vitamin D status in deficient individuals. While recent evidence suggests some differences between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in physiological activities, vitamin D2 from mushrooms can be part of a larger solution to increasing dietary vitamin D intakes, as well as an important focus for public health policy. Mushrooms exposed to UV represent an important tool in the strategic toolkit for addressing vitamin D deficiency in Australia and globally. Health authorities lead the recognition and promotion of mushrooms as a natural, vegan, safe, and sustainable vitamin D food source.

维生素D缺乏与不足是一项公共卫生议题，膳食维生素D摄入不足是其重要诱因。澳大利亚的维生素D缺乏率达31%，全球部分地区该比例甚至高达72%。尽管补充剂常被用作额外日晒的替代方案，但仍需涵盖食物解决方案在内的互补途径。然而，以食物为核心的膳食指南往往难以充分满足人体对维生素D的需求。双孢蘑菇（Agaricus bisporus）这类食用菌经紫外线（UV）照射后，每75克份量（含18微克维生素D2（vitamin D2））可提供超过每日维生素D推荐摄入量（10微克，美国医学研究所（Institute of Medicine）标准）的维生素D，且所生成的维生素D2在烹饪与加工过程中稳定性良好。但在膳食指南中，蘑菇作为维生素D来源的地位常被忽视。我们的膳食建模研究显示，每周食用4份经紫外线照射的白蘑菇（button mushrooms），即可帮助大多数澳大利亚成年人达到维生素D推荐摄入量；且已有研究证实，经紫外线照射的蘑菇可改善维生素D缺乏人群的血清维生素D状态。尽管近期研究表明维生素D2与维生素D3在生理活性方面存在一定差异，但蘑菇来源的维生素D2仍可作为提升膳食维生素D摄入总量的综合方案之一，同时也是公共卫生政策的重要关注方向。经紫外线照射的蘑菇，是澳大利亚乃至全球范围内解决维生素D缺乏问题的战略工具之一。卫生主管部门应带头认可并推广蘑菇作为天然、纯素、安全且可持续的维生素D食物来源。