Table_1_Identifying Usual Food Choice Combinations With Walnuts: Analysis of a 2005–2015 Clinical Trial Cohort of Overweight and Obese Adults.pdf

Consumption of nuts has been associated with a range of favorable health outcomes. Evidence is now emerging to suggest that walnuts may also play an important role in supporting the consumption of a healthy dietary pattern. However, limited studies have explored how walnuts are eaten at different meal occasions. The aim of this study was to explore the food choices in relation to walnuts at meal occasions as reported by a sample of overweight and obese adult participants of weight loss clinical trials. Baseline usual food intake data were retrospectively pooled from four food-based clinical trials (n = 758). A nut-specific food composition database was applied to determine walnut consumption within the food intake data. The a priori algorithm of association rules was used to identify food choices associated with walnuts at different meal occasions using a nested hierarchical food group classification system. The proportion of participants who were consuming walnuts was 14.5% (n = 110). The median walnut intake was 5.14 (interquartile range, 1.10–11.45) g/d. A total of 128 food items containing walnuts were identified for walnut consumers. The proportion of participants who reported consuming unsalted raw walnut was 80.5% (n = 103). There were no identified patterns to food choices in relation to walnut at the breakfast, lunch, or dinner meal occasions. A total of 24 clusters of food choices related to walnuts were identified at others (meals). By applying a novel food composition database, the present study was able to map the precise combinations of foods associated with walnuts intakes at mealtimes using data mining. This study offers insights into the role of walnuts for the food choices of overweight adults and may support guidance and dietary behavior change strategies.

坚果摄入与一系列有益健康结局相关。现有越来越多证据表明，核桃或可在助力践行健康膳食模式方面发挥重要作用。然而，目前针对不同进餐场景下核桃的食用方式的研究仍较为有限。本研究旨在针对减重临床试验招募的超重与肥胖成年受试者所报告的进食情况，探究不同进餐场景下与核桃相关的食物选择偏好。研究回顾性整合了四项膳食相关临床试验的基线日常食物摄入数据，共纳入758名受试者。本研究采用坚果专用食物成分数据库（nut-specific food composition database），以从膳食摄入数据中核算核桃的摄入量。本研究采用嵌套式分层食物组分类系统，结合关联规则先验算法，识别不同进餐场景下与核桃相关的食物选择模式。摄入核桃的受试者占比为14.5%（n=110）。受试者的核桃日均摄入中位数为5.14克，四分位间距（interquartile range）为1.10~11.45克/天。核桃摄入者共涉及128种含核桃的食物品类。报告食用无盐生核桃的受试者占比为80.5%（n=103）。在早餐、午餐与晚餐场景中，未发现与核桃相关的明确食物选择模式。在其他餐次场景中，共识别出24组与核桃相关的食物选择聚类。本研究通过应用新型坚果专用食物成分数据库，借助数据挖掘技术，精准绘制了进餐时段与核桃摄入相关的食物组合图谱。本研究为解析核桃对超重成年人食物选择的影响提供了新视角，或可为膳食指导与饮食行为改变策略提供科学支撑。