TreeGOER Whittaker Terrestrial Biome Distributions: Observations for 48,129 tree species across and outside nine biome types

TreeGOER (Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges) is a database that documents the environmental ranges (minimum, maximum, median, mean and 5%, 25%, 75% and 95% quantiles) for 48,129 tree species and for 51 environmental variables, including 38 bioclimatic variables, 8 soil variables and 3 topographic variables. TreeGOER is available from the following Zenodo archives: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927 The TreeGOER ranges were calculated after cleaning occurrence records and standardizing species names with the WorldFlora R package to World Flora Online or the World Checklist of Vascular Plants for a global GBIF occurrence download of 44,267,164 occurrences (GBIF.org 2021 GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.77gcvq). The process of compilation of TreeGOER with 30 arc-seconds global grid layers, two examples of BIOCLIM applications that investigated the effects of climate change on global tree diversity patterns and R scripts to repeat these analyses have been described by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology 29: 6303–6318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914. This Zenodo archive documents the occurrence of the same previously compiled and cleaned observations for the TreeGOER via the mean annual temperature (BIO01) and annual precipitation (BIO12) obtained via WorldClim 2.1 across Whittaker terrestrial biome types (Figure 4.10 in Whittaker 1970), based on a modified figure from Ricklef’s The Economy of Nature (8th Edition from 2008). Note that Whittaker (1970) remarked that “The pattern of Figure 4.10 is a considerable simplification” and that “Boundaries between types are, for a number of reasons, approximate. In climates between forest and desert, maritime versus continental climates, soil effects, and fire effects can shift the balance between woodland, shrubland, and grassland types”. A SpatialPolygonsDataFrame that allows plotting the Whittaker biome types was obtained from the plotbiomes R package (how this dataset was created from Figure 5.5 in Ricklefs 2008 is described here). The Y coordinates of this dataset were transformed from a cm to a dm scale, and the data was saved as a shapefile that is available in this Zenodo archive. Before saving, an additional identifier (“b_score”) was added that approximately scores biome types of higher temperatures or precipitation higher (see the figure included in this archive). For observations occurring on the boundaries of the polygons, this variable was used to assign observations to the biome type with the higher score. See this Rpub for details on the treatment of boundary and outside locations and for a function to extract the biome type. For each of the 48,129 tree species, the distribution is given as the number of observations in the following zones: Zone Biome type Comment W1 Tundra W2 Temperate grassland/desert W3 Subtropical desert W4 Woodland/shrubland W5 Boreal forest W6 Temperate seasonal forest W7 Tropical seasonal forest/savanna W8 Temperate rain forest W9 Tropical rain forest O1 Outside polygons Similar temperature range as W1 O3 Outside polygons Similar precipitation and higher temperature ranges as W3 O5 Outside polygons Similar temperature range as W5 O7 Outside polygons Similar precipitation and higher temperature ranges as W7 O8 Outside polygons Similar temperature range as W8 O9 Outside polygons Similar precipitation and similar or higher temperature ranges as W9 Citations Ricklefs, R. E., Relyea, R. (2018). Ecology: The Economy of Nature. United States: W.H. Freeman. Whittaker, R. H. (1970). Communities and ecosystems. Valentin Ștefan, & Sam Levin. (2018). plotbiomes: R package for plotting Whittaker biomes with ggplot2 (v1.0.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145245 Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology 29: 6303–6318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914 Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086 Funding The development of this data set archive supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation and through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso projects, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa.TreeGOER（Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges，树木全球观测环境范围数据库）是一个记录了48,129种树木及51项环境变量的环境区间（含最小值、最大值、中位数、均值以及5%、25%、75%、95%分位数）的数据库，其中51项环境变量包含38个生物气候变量、8个土壤变量与3个地形变量。该数据库可通过以下Zenodo存档获取：https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927。 TreeGOER的环境区间计算基于清洗后的物种分布记录，并通过WorldFlora R包将物种名称标准化为《世界植物在线》（World Flora Online）或《维管植物世界名录》（World Checklist of Vascular Plants）中的标准名称，所用数据来自全球生物多样性信息设施（Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF）2021年发布的全球物种分布记录下载集（共44,267,164条记录，GBIF.org 2021 GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.77gcvq）。 Kindt R.（2023）在《TreeGOER：面向48,129种树木的全球观测环境范围数据库》（《全球变化生物学》, 29: 6303–6318, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914）一文中详细阐述了TreeGOER的构建流程，包括使用30弧秒的全球网格图层、两个用于研究气候变化对全球树木多样性格局影响的BIOCLIM应用案例，以及复现这些分析所需的R脚本。 本Zenodo存档记录了TreeGOER中已预先整理清洗的物种分布观测数据，这些数据基于2008年出版的Ricklefs《生态学：自然的经济体系》（第8版）中修改后的配图，通过WorldClim 2.1气候数据集获取了年平均温度（BIO01）与年降水量（BIO12）数据，并覆盖了惠特克陆地生物群系类型（详见惠特克1970年著作中的图4.10）。需要注意的是，惠特克（1970）曾指出：“图4.10的模式是经过大幅简化的”，且“由于多种原因，各类群之间的边界仅为近似值。在森林与荒漠之间的气候带中，海洋性与大陆性气候差异、土壤效应以及火效应都会改变林地、灌丛与草地类型之间的平衡”。 可用于绘制惠特克生物群系类型的空间多边形数据框（SpatialPolygonsDataFrame）源自plotbiomes R包（本数据集如何基于Ricklefs 2008年的图5.5创建的详细说明见此处）。该数据集的Y坐标已从厘米单位转换为分米单位，并被保存为形状文件（shapefile），可在本Zenodo存档中获取。保存前，额外添加了一个名为"b_score"的标识符，用于为生物群系类型近似评分，评分越高代表温度或降水量越高（详见本存档中的配图）。对于落在多边形边界上的分布记录，将通过该变量将其分配至评分更高的生物群系类型。如需了解边界与域外点位的处理细节以及提取生物群系类型的函数，请参阅该Rpub文档。 针对48,129种树木中的每一种，其分布情况以各分区内的分布记录数量进行呈现，分区详情如下： | 分区代码 | 生物群系类型 | 备注 | |----------|----------------------------|--------------------------------------------| | W1 | 苔原 | | | W2 | 温带草原/荒漠 | | | W3 | 亚热带荒漠 | | | W4 | 林地/灌丛 | | | W5 | 北方森林 | | | W6 | 温带季节林 | | | W7 | 热带季节林/稀树草原 | | | W8 | 温带雨林 | | | W9 | 热带雨林 | | | O1 | 域外多边形 | 与W1温度范围相近 | | O3 | 域外多边形 | 与W3降水量相近且温度范围更高 | | O5 | 域外多边形 | 与W5温度范围相近 | | O7 | 域外多边形 | 与W7降水量相近且温度范围更高 | | O8 | 域外多边形 | 与W8温度范围相近 | | O9 | 域外多边形 | 与W9降水量、温度范围相近或更高 | ### 参考文献 1. Ricklefs R E, Relyea R. 生态学：自然的经济体系[M]. 美国：W.H. Freeman出版社, 2018. 2. Whittaker R H. 群落与生态系统[M]. 1970. 3. Valentin Ștefan, Sam Levin. plotbiomes：用于基于ggplot2绘制惠特克生物群系的R包（v1.0.0）[数据集]. Zenodo, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7145245 4. Kindt R. TreeGOER：面向48,129种树木的全球观测环境范围数据库[J]. 全球变化生物学, 2023, 29: 6303–6318. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914 5. Fick S E, Hijmans R J. WorldClim 2：适用于全球陆地区域的1公里空间分辨率气候表面数据集[J]. 国际气候学期刊, 2017, 37(12): 4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086 ### 资助信息 本数据集存档的开发得到了以下项目的资助：达尔文倡议（Darwin Initiative）资助的DAREX001项目「制定全球树木种植与修复生物多样性标准认证体系」；挪威国际气候与森林倡议通过挪威驻埃塞俄比亚大使馆资助的埃塞俄比亚充足林木种子库项目；绿色气候基金通过国际自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）资助的卢旺达东部省适应性转型项目，以及布基纳法索气候适宜林木多样性组合准备项目；贝佐斯地球基金资助的肯尼亚与卢旺达非洲优质林木种子项目；德国国际气候倡议（IKI）资助的非洲「适地适树适用途」区域林木种子计划。