Table_1_Restored coastal wetlands with low degree of separation and high patch connectivity attract more birds.xlsx

Coastal wetlands, the major component of coastal ecotones with indispensable ecosystem services, are threatened by anthropogenic disturbance, resulting in continuous loss of ecosystem functions. Coastal wetland restoration can be implemented to deter the ecosystem losses; however, it is unclear whether it could provide appropriate habitat for the birds using on coastal ecotones. Here, we utilize a newly restored wetland as an example to investigate the impacts of coastal restoration on bird diversity, and test the hypothesis - if a reasonable habitat pattern is created, more birds will be attracted, thereby helping decision-makers develop efficient and sustainable coastal restoration strategies. We used Fragstats for landscape pattern analysis, and derived the variability in different habitat patterns by independent sample T-test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results suggested that the restored wetland exhibited a positive effect on attracting birds, with a total of 70 species, 35 families, and 15 orders of birds being recorded over a three-year period after restoration. Passeriformes are the main species, and accounted for 52.8% of bird species. Additionally, waterbird species, i.e., Ciconiiformes and Anseriformes, accounted for 24.67% of the total number of species. The number of bird species in the wetlands increased annually, especially during the overwintering and the breeding period. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that water-centered mosaic-type habitat consisting of a relatively low degree of separation and high patch connectivity was beneficial to attracting different types of birds. The number of bird species, density, bird biodiversity index, evenness index, and dominance index for mosaic-type habitats were all higher than those for even habitat pattern with independent patches and sharp boundaries. In particular, the mosaic-type habitat attracted migratory waterbirds such as Anas zonorhyncha, Aix galericulata, Mareca penelope, Hydrophasianus chirurgus, Emberiza pallasi, Xenus cinereus, and Spatula querquedula, which expanded the range of birds attracted by coastal restoration projects. This study illustrated that coastal wetland restoration combined with a creation of water-centered mosaic-type habitat attracted more birds and could provide a reference for the restoration of degraded ecosystems in coastal zones.

滨海湿地是滨海生态交错带的核心组成部分，具备不可或缺的生态系统服务功能，却正面临人为干扰的威胁，导致生态系统功能持续丧失。滨海湿地修复可遏制生态系统功能的流失，但目前尚不清楚其能否为依赖滨海生态交错带的鸟类提供适宜栖息生境。本研究以一处新近修复的湿地为研究案例，探究滨海湿地修复对鸟类多样性的影响，并验证下述假说：若构建合理的生境格局，将吸引更多鸟类，从而为决策者制定高效且可持续的滨海湿地修复策略提供参考。本研究采用Fragstats开展景观格局分析，并通过独立样本t检验与曼-惠特尼U检验分析不同生境格局的变异性。研究结果显示，修复后的湿地对鸟类吸引具有积极效应：修复完成后的三年内，共记录到鸟类15目35科70种。其中雀形目（Passeriformes）为优势类群，占鸟类总物种数的52.8%；水鸟类群，即鹳形目（Ciconiiformes）与雁形目（Anseriformes），占总物种数的24.67%。湿地鸟类物种数逐年递增，尤其在越冬期与繁殖期增长尤为显著。此外，本研究结果表明，以水域为核心、斑块分离度较低且连通性较高的镶嵌型生境，有助于吸引不同类群的鸟类。相较于斑块边界清晰的均质生境格局，镶嵌型生境的鸟类物种数、种群密度、生物多样性指数、均匀度指数以及优势度指数均更高。尤为值得关注的是，镶嵌型生境吸引了诸如斑嘴鸭（Anas zonorhyncha）、鸳鸯（Aix galericulata）、赤颈鸭（Mareca penelope）、水雉（Hydrophasianus chirurgus）、白头鹀（Emberiza pallasi）、翘嘴鹬（Xenus cinereus）以及琵嘴鸭（Spatula querquedula）等迁徙水鸟，拓宽了滨海修复工程可吸引的鸟类类群范围。本研究证实，结合以水域为核心的镶嵌型生境构建的滨海湿地修复方案，可吸引更多鸟类，能够为沿海退化生态系统的修复提供科学参考。