THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF CITIES(IN THE EXAMPLE OF THE ENEOLITHIC PERIOD)

The article highlights the material culture of Eneolithic communities of Southern Turkmenistan based on the lower three cultural layers of the Namazgah site (Namazgah I–III). The chronology of these stages, residential construction, defensive structures, and economic activities are analyzed. In addition, the stages of architectural development of the Sarazm site demonstrate the formation of regional cultural interactions and architectural traditions during the Eneolithic period. The article also provides information on the results and achievements of archaeological scholars who conducted in-depth scientific research on the history of the formation of cities.本文以土库曼斯坦南部纳马兹加遗址（Namazgah）下层三层文化堆积（纳马兹加I–III期）为研究基础，着重探讨当地铜石并用时代（Eneolithic）社群的物质文化面貌。研究系统分析了该三期遗存的年代序列、居住建筑、防御设施与经济活动。此外，通过萨拉兹姆遗址（Sarazm）的建筑发展阶段，可揭示铜石并用时代区域文化互动与建筑传统的形成历程。本文还梳理了针对城市起源史开展深度科学研究的考古学者所取得的研究成果与学术成就。