Water quality from shrimp culture in a nursury phase.

Zooplankton, particularly microalgae-fed species, are optimal candidates for aquaculture nutrition and bioencapsulation vectors. Haematococcus pluvialis is distinguished by its high astaxanthin content in the cystic phase, while Daphnia magna is rich in proteins, fatty acids, chitin, and chitosan—biomolecules with antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties. This study evaluated the dietary supplementation of Penaeus vannamei post-larvae with H. pluvialis bioencapsulated in D. magna (DHP), comparing it to a commercial supplement (CS) and a control diet (C). Water quality, growth performance, histology, nutritional composition, hematology, and key bioactive compounds (total carotenoids, astaxanthin, chitin, and chitosan) were assessed. Water quality remained stable across treatments. Growth performance and protein content were higher in DHP and CS groups, though DHP exhibited lower lipid levels. The DHP diet enhanced the shrimp's immune response, evidenced by the highest total hemocyte count (THC). Additionally, DHP yielded greater chitin, total carotenoids, and astaxanthin concentrations. Histological analyses revealed increased B-cell numbers in the hepatopancreas of shrimp from DHP and CS treatments. Thus, H. pluvialis bioencapsulated in D. magna supports growth comparable to a commercial supplement while enhancing immune markers and bioactive compound levels. These findings highlight its potential as an alternative protein source for sustainable shrimp nutrition. Further investigations into enzyme activity, gene expression related to protein and lipid digestion, and additional immune parameters would provide deeper insights into its effects on shrimp physiology.

浮游动物，尤其是以微藻为食的物种，是水产养殖营养强化与生物包埋载体的理想候选材料。雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis）在囊胞阶段富含虾青素，而大型溞（Daphnia magna）则含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪酸、几丁质与壳聚糖——这类生物分子兼具抗氧化与免疫刺激活性。本研究以凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannamei）后幼体为对象，评估了以包埋有雨生红球藻的大型溞（DHP）作为饲料添加剂的饲喂效果，并将其与商业添加剂（CS）及基础对照饲料（C）进行对比。研究测定了各组的水质、生长性能、组织学结构、营养组成、血液学指标以及关键生物活性成分含量（总类胡萝卜素、虾青素、几丁质与壳聚糖）。结果显示，各组水质均保持稳定。DHP组与CS组的生长性能及蛋白质含量均更高，但DHP组的脂质水平更低。投喂DHP饲料的凡纳滨对虾免疫应答得到增强，其总血淋巴细胞计数（THC）为各组最高。此外，DHP组的几丁质、总类胡萝卜素及虾青素含量也更高。组织学分析显示，DHP组与CS组凡纳滨对虾的肝胰腺B细胞数量均有所增加。综上，包埋于大型溞的雨生红球藻可实现与商业添加剂相当的生长促进效果，同时还能提升免疫指标与生物活性物质含量。本研究结果表明，该材料有望作为可持续水产养殖中凡纳滨对虾营养所需的替代蛋白源。后续可通过检测酶活性、蛋白质与脂质消化相关基因表达，以及更多免疫指标，进一步阐明该饲料添加剂对凡纳滨对虾生理机能的影响。