Glacier Mass Balance of Hintereisferner, Oetztal Alps, Austria, from 1952/53-2009/10

Project: Glacier monitoring data of Austria - Glaciers are the most visible indicators of global change. Mass balance data allow the calculation of the past and current contributions of land ice to the sea level change. Additionally, glaciological data are used to reconstruct former climate states and complement other climate proxies for the holocene. Since the instrumental climate data are biased towards low altitudes, glacier data offer an archive of high mountain climate that is subject to strong gradients and improve our knowledge on climate to remote regions during the instrumental period. For the development of forward and inverse models, the understanding of the glacier-climate relation is essential. Thus the relationships between different types of glaciological data measured worldwide must be studied on benchmark glaciers, where all kinds of glacier and climate data are available. In Austria, glacier mass balance is measured at Goldbergkees, Hallstaetter Gletscher, Hintereisferner, Jamtalferner Kesselwandferner, Kleinfleisskees, Mullwitzkees, Pasterzenkees, Stubacher Sonnblickkees, Vernagtferner, and Wurtenkees. Records on glacier length are available from 1891, currently more than 100 glaciers are surveyed. Glacier inventory data is available for 1969, and 1998. The project homepages are located at e.g. http://imgi.uibk.ac.at and http://www.zamg.ac.at . Political ideas: European and Austrian laws include the obligation for the authorities to survey the hydrological parameters. Project funders for mass balanace Hintereisferner, Kesselwandferner, Jamtalferner, Hallstaetter Gletscher and Mullwitzkees and glacier length changes: Amt der Oberoesterreichischen Landesregierung Austrian Alpine Club Energie AG Hydrographischer Dienst der Abteilung Wasserwirtschaft des Amtes der Tiroler Landesregierung Nationalpark Hohe Tauern Kommission fuer Geophysikalische Forschungen der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Summary: The data represent annual values of the glacier mass balance measured with the direct glaciological method. The mass balance is calculated from ablation of ice measured at about 50 stakes and accumulation of snow measured in about 9 pits for the mass balance year from 1 October to 30 September of the following year. The data comprises the glacier area, the net mass balance for the total glacier area as well as specified for the ablation and accumulation area, the altitude of the equilibrium line (ELA) and the specific mass balance.

项目：奥地利冰川监测数据集——冰川是全球变化最直观的表征指标。冰川物质平衡（mass balance）数据可用于计算过往及当前陆冰对海平面变化的贡献。此外，冰川学数据可用于重建古气候状态，补充全新世时期的其他气候代用资料。由于器测气候数据的观测网络偏向低海拔区域，冰川数据可作为高海拔山地气候的档案载体——高海拔山地气候存在强烈的气候梯度，该数据集能够提升我们对器测时期偏远山地气候的认知。对于正演模型与反演模型的开发而言，厘清冰川与气候的关联至关重要。因此，需在具备完整冰川与气候观测数据的基准冰川上，研究全球范围内测得的各类冰川学数据之间的关联。
在奥地利，科研人员在以下冰川开展物质平衡观测：Goldbergkees、Hallstaetter Gletscher、Hintereisferner、Jamtalferner、Kesselwandferner、Kleinfleisskees、Mullwitzkees、Pasterzenkees、Stubacher Sonnblickkees、Vernagtferner及Wurtenkees。冰川长度的观测记录始于1891年，目前已有超过100条冰川被纳入监测范围。冰川名录数据分别于1969年和1998年完成更新。本项目的官方主页包括：http://imgi.uibk.ac.at 与 http://www.zamg.ac.at。
政策依据：欧盟与奥地利相关法律规定，主管部门需开展水文参数监测工作。
本项目（涉及Hintereisferner、Kesselwandferner、Jamtalferner、Hallstaetter Gletscher及Mullwitzkees的物质平衡与冰川长度变化监测）的资助方包括：上奥地利州政府、奥地利阿尔卑斯俱乐部、Energie AG、蒂罗尔州政府水利部门水文服务处、陶恩山国家公园、奥地利科学院地球物理研究委员会。
数据概述：本数据集包含采用直接冰川学观测法获取的年度冰川物质平衡数据。物质平衡的计算基于物质平衡观测年（每年10月1日至次年9月30日）内约50根测杆测得的冰消融量，以及约9个雪坑测得的积雪积累量。数据集涵盖冰川总面积、冰川总面积净物质平衡、消融区与积累区的分区物质平衡、平衡线高度（ELA，Equilibrium Line Altitude）以及比物质平衡。