mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the acute inflammation of SARS-CoV-2 infection [CV6]

SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. Our study presents a comprehensive multimodal single-cell dataset of peripheral blood of patients with acute COVID-19 and of healthy volunteers before and after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and booster. We compared host immune responses to the virus and vaccine using transcriptional profiling, coupled with B/T cell receptor repertoire reconstruction. COVID-19 patients displayed an enhanced interferon signature and cytotoxic gene upregulation, absent in vaccine recipients. These findings were validated in an independent dataset. Analysis of B and T cell repertoires revealed that, while the majority of clonal lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients were effector cells, clonal expansion was more evident among circulating memory cells in vaccine recipients. Furthermore, while clonal αβ T cell responses were observed in both COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients, dramatic expansion of clonal gdT cells was found only in infected individuals. Our dataset enables comparative analyses of immune responses to infection versus vaccination, including clonal B and T cell responses. Taken together, our comparative analysis shows that vaccination induces a robust adaptive immune response, including a durable clonal B and T cell response, without the severe inflammation associated with infection. We profiled crculating immune cells from five adults with acute COVID-19 infection and nine healthy adults, seven of whom received theBNT162b2 vaccine. For three of the vaccine recipients, samples were also collected before and after receiving a booster. Samples were taken at multiple time points, resulting in a total of 42 post-vaccination and 9 post-infection samples

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2，简称新冠病毒）感染与疫苗接种均可诱发强效免疫应答。本研究呈现了一份全面的多模态单细胞数据集，涵盖急性新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者以及健康志愿者在接种SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗及加强针前后的外周血样本。我们通过转录组分析结合B细胞受体（BCR）与T细胞受体（TCR）库重构，对比了宿主针对病毒与疫苗的免疫应答特征。新冠患者体内呈现出增强的干扰素特征与细胞毒性基因上调现象，而疫苗接种者则未出现此类特征，该发现已在独立数据集内得到验证。对B细胞与T细胞受体库的分析显示：尽管新冠患者体内的多数克隆性淋巴细胞为效应细胞，但疫苗接种者的循环记忆细胞群中克隆扩增更为显著。此外，尽管新冠患者与疫苗接种者体内均观察到克隆性αβ T细胞应答，但仅在感染个体中发现了克隆性γδ T细胞（gdT细胞）的显著扩增。本数据集可用于对比分析感染与疫苗接种引发的免疫应答，包括克隆性B细胞与T细胞应答。综上，本研究的对比分析表明，疫苗接种可诱导强烈的适应性免疫应答，包括持久的克隆性B细胞与T细胞应答，且不会伴随感染相关的严重炎症反应。我们对5名急性新冠感染成人的循环免疫细胞进行了分析，同时纳入9名健康成人，其中7人接种了BNT162b2疫苗。其中3名疫苗接种者在接种加强针前后均采集了样本。研究采集了多个时间点的样本，最终共获得42份疫苗接种后样本与9份感染后样本。