Time series of hourly resolution Onshore Wind generation for European Scale Energy system studies

This dataset provides Pan-European simulated hourly time series of onshore wind generation to be used with Balmorel energy system model which can be used to study future European scale energy system. The dataset is divided into two main categories (folders), 'Existing' which represents simulation of existing fleets (all existing wind farms in the year 2020 with their specific locations and technological characteristics) and 'Future' where several sets of possible future technologies are simulated. Within the Future folder, the simulations are available for 3 different specific-powers (199, 277 and 335 W/m2), 3 different hub-heights (100, 150 and 200 m) and 3 different resource grades (RGA, RGB and RGC). Naming of the folders and their respective files are based on the specific power, followed by hub-height and then followed by resource grade (e.g. SP277_HH100_RGA would mean specific power of 277 W/m2 hub-height of 100m and resource grade A). The resource grade A (RGA) consists of simulation of the best 10 % of locations (in terms of mean wind-speed) within each region. Similarly, RGB consists of simulation of 10-50 % of the best location and RGC consists of the remaining 50 % of the locations. Each folder has one csv file which contains the hourly time-series and a map which shows the resulting capacity factor for each region. The first column in csv file is the timestamps defined in GMT time and the rest of the columns represent Balmorel regions.The available land considers all onshore land areas of a region, excluding lakes, rivers, urban areas, military areas, very high elevation locations (above 1500 m), and legally protected areas (IUCN categories Ia–VI). Urban areas are identified using the Natural Earth 50m Urban Areas dataset (Natural Earth, public domain license: link3). Protected areas are based on the European Environment Agency’s Nationally Designated Areas dataset (citation identifier: eea_v_3035_100_k_natda-poly_p_2023-2024_v22_r00, available via link4). Orography, bathymetry, and hydrological features (lakes and rivers) follow the Global Wind Atlas combined dataset (source: link5). Military areas are delineated using the landuse=military identifier from OpenStreetMap (link6). The possible impact of any existing onshore wind installations in the region is not considered. Wake losses are modeled (see the first linked paper), with an additional 5% accounting for other losses and unavailability .The linked journal paper (1st link) describes the simulation methodology (combination of ERA5 and GWA data is used). It is requested that the paper is cited when the data are used. The linked related journal paper (2nd link) describes the concept of resource grades and how they can be applied in energy system analyses.This item is part of a larger collection of wind and solar data: https://doi.org/10.11583/DTU.c.7964141本数据集提供泛欧洲陆上风电逐小时模拟时序数据，可与用于研究欧洲级能源系统未来情景的Balmorel能源系统模型配合使用。该数据集分为两大类别（文件夹）：'Existing'（现有机组组）与'Future'（未来机组组）。其中'Existing'代表对现有风电场群的模拟——涵盖2020年全部陆上风电场，保留其具体场址与技术特性；'Future'则针对多组潜在未来风电技术开展模拟。 在Future文件夹下，模拟数据涵盖3种不同比功率（specific power，199、277与335 W/m²）、3种不同轮毂高度（hub height，100、150与200 m）以及3种不同资源等级（resource grade，RGA、RGB与RGC）。文件夹与对应文件的命名规则为：比功率在前，紧随轮毂高度，最后为资源等级（例如，SP277_HH100_RGA代表比功率277 W/m²、轮毂高度100m、资源等级A的数据集）。 资源等级A（RGA）对应各区域内按平均风速排序前10%的场址模拟结果；同理，RGB对应前10%至50%的优质场址，RGC则对应剩余50%的场址。每个文件夹均包含1个存储逐小时时序数据的CSV文件，以及一张展示各区域容量因子分布的地图。CSV文件的第一列为GMT时区定义的时间戳，其余列则对应Balmorel模型定义的各能源区域。 可用于风电开发的陆上土地涵盖区域内全部陆上区域，但需排除湖泊、河流、城市建成区、军事用地、海拔高于1500m的区域以及受法律保护的区域（IUCN分类Ia–VI）。其中，城市建成区的识别采用Natural Earth 50m城市建成区数据集（Natural Earth，公有领域授权：链接3）；受保护区域的数据源为欧洲环境署的国家指定区域数据集（引用标识符：eea_v_3035_100_k_natda-poly_p_2023-2024_v22_r00，可通过链接4获取）；地形、水深与水文特征（湖泊与河流）采用全球风能Atlas（Global Wind Atlas）的合并数据集（来源：链接5）；军事用地的划定参考OpenStreetMap中landuse=military的标识（链接6）。 本数据集未考虑区域内已投运陆上风电装机的潜在影响。尾流损耗已纳入建模范畴（详见第一篇关联论文），并额外计入5%的其他损耗与机组不可用率。关联的期刊论文（链接1）阐述了本数据集的模拟方法——采用ERA5与全球风能Atlas（GWA）数据的组合数据集。使用本数据集时，请引用该论文。另一篇关联期刊论文（链接2）阐述了资源等级的概念及其在能源系统分析中的应用方式。 本数据集属于更大规模风电与光伏数据集集合的一部分：https://doi.org/10.11583/DTU.c.7964141