Supplementary Materials- A prospective cohort study examining the association of claw anatomy and sole temperature with the development of claw horn disruption lesions in dairy cattle

Supplementary Table S1. Case definitions and descriptions of the grading system for sole haemorrhage, sole ulcers and white line lesions.

Supplementary Table S2. Descriptive Statistics of explanatory variables at each time point. Continuous variables are presented alongside the mean, standard deviation (SD), range and number of missing values (%). Categorical variables are presented alongside the frequency within each level (%). T1-Precalving, n = 1982, T2- Calving, n = 2082. Farm and Parity variables are presented at the T1-Precalving timepoint .

Supplementary Table S3. Results from univariable analysis with logistic regression of T1-Precalving and T2-Calving explanatory variables with white line lesion at T3-Early as an outcome. Odds ratios are calculated, either for a single unit increase or compared to the reference level.

Supplementary Table S4. Results from univariable analysis with logistic regression of T1-Precalving and T2-Calving explanatory variables with sole lesion at T3-Early as an outcome. Odds ratios are calculated, either for a single unit increase or compared to the reference level.

Supplementary Table S5. Pairwise Pearson’s Correlation Coefficients (r) between explanatory variables are presented.

Supplementary Table S6. The model-adjusted probabilities of sole and white line lesions at each timepoint from four multivariable fixed-effect logistic regression models (1a, 1b, 2a and 2b). The arithmetic mean of the variable (sole horn thickness or foot angle) was calculated after grouping by industry recommended levels.

Supplementary Figure S1. Schematic showing the study design and variables recorded at each timepoint. Timepoints are described as days relative to the expected calving date.

Supplementary Figure S2. Data handling workflow to create the final datasets used in the analysis.

补充表S1：单一蹄底出血、单一蹄底溃疡及白线病变的分级系统病例定义与说明。
补充表S2：各时间点解释变量的描述性统计结果。连续变量将呈现均值、标准差（standard deviation, SD）、极差以及缺失值数量（占比）；分类变量将呈现各分类水平的频数（占比）。时间点T1为产前（Precalving），样本量n=1982；T2为产犊时（Calving），样本量n=2082。牧场与胎次变量均在T1产前时间点呈现。
补充表S3：以T3早期（T3-Early）白线病变为结局的单因素logistic回归分析结果，纳入的解释变量来自T1产前与T2产犊时的数据。比值比（odds ratio, OR）将根据单单位增量或与参考水平对比进行计算。
补充表S4：以T3早期（T3-Early）足底病变为结局的单因素logistic回归分析结果，纳入的解释变量来自T1产前与T2产犊时的数据。比值比（odds ratio, OR）将根据单单位增量或与参考水平对比进行计算。
补充表S5：解释变量间的两两皮尔逊相关系数（Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, r）。
补充表S6：基于4个多变量固定效应logistic回归模型（1a、1b、2a与2b）计算得到的各时间点足底及白线病变的模型校正概率。根据行业推荐水平分组后，对变量（蹄底角质厚度或蹄角度）的算术均值进行计算。
补充图S1：研究设计示意图及各时间点记录的变量。时间点以相对于预期产犊日期的天数进行标注。
补充图S2：生成分析所用最终数据集的数据处理工作流程。