Data from: Geographical variation and discrimination of social calls in male great Himalayan leaf-nosed bats: Do functionally similar calls have similar patterns?

Sound collection Bats’ bUFM calls were obtained from previous recordings (Sun et al. 2020). Briefly, in April–June of 2015–2016, Sun et al. (2020) captured 80 adult males from eight colonies (10 males per colony) in China on average 896 km apart from each other (270-1978 km between adjacent sties). The eight colonies are Simao (SM), Hekou (HK), Hanzhong (HZ), Jiangkou (JK), Anlong (AL), Fanchang (FC), Lengshuijiang (LSJ) and Chongyi (CY) (Figure 2a; Table 1). For each colony, bats were introduced into a cage for acoustic and behavioral recording for six days. Vocalizations were recorded with an Avisoft UltraSoundGate 116 H (Avisoft Bioacoustics, Glienicke, Germany), connected to a condenser ultrasound microphone (CM16/CMPA, Avisoft Bioacoustics) at a sampling rate of 375 kHz and 16-bit resolution. Simultaneously, an infrared camera (HDR-CX 760E; Sony Corp., Tokyo, Japan) was used to record territorial behavior. Our previous study showed that male H. armiger emitted two versions of the bent-upward frequency modulation (bUFM) syllable calls during roost territory defence, with each version indicating a different level of aggressiveness (Sun et al. 2018). H-bUFM syllables produced during high aggression intensity interactions had lower minimum frequencies and wider bandwidths, compared to the L-bUFM syllables produced during low aggression intensity interactions (Sun et al. 2018). Both bUFM syllable call types were recorded. Bats’ sUFM calls from the above eight colonies were recorded in April–June of 2015–2016. We recorded bats’ sUFM calls in caves between 16:30 and 20:00. Our previous observations in the field and in the lab showed that the sUFM calls are produced by a roosting male resident when a free-flying male intruder approaches (Video S2; Sun et al. 2021). The sUFM calls were recorded with the same equipment and sound parameter levels used to record bUFM calls. The microphone used to record sUFM calls was placed 3-7 m away from the bat colonies. The location of the microphone was changed daily to minimize the possibility of getting a recording from the same group of bats every time. Vocalizations were recorded every 1-2 days, making a cumulative record of 8 to 10 days per colony.

蝙蝠向上弯折调频（bent-upward frequency modulation, bUFM）叫声数据集源自既往录音资料（Sun et al. 2020）。概言之，2015—2016年4—6月间，Sun等人（2020）在中国8个蝙蝠栖息种群中捕获80只成年雄性个体（每个种群10只），各种群平均间距达896 km，相邻栖息点间隔为270—1978 km。该8个种群分别为思茅（SM）、河口（HK）、汉中（HZ）、江口（JK）、安龙（AL）、繁昌（FC）、冷水江（LSJ）以及崇义（CY）（见图2a；表1）。
针对每个种群，研究人员将蝙蝠置入笼舍，开展为期6天的声学与行为记录。录音采用Avisoft UltraSoundGate 116 H设备（Avisoft Bioacoustics，德国格利克内），搭配电容式超声麦克风（CM16/CMPA，Avisoft Bioacoustics），采样率设为375 kHz，采样精度为16比特。同时，采用红外摄像机（HDR-CX 760E；索尼公司，日本东京）记录领地行为。
本团队此前研究显示，雄性大蹄蝠（H. armiger）在栖居领地防御过程中，会发出两种形态的bUFM音节叫声，两种叫声分别对应不同的攻击强度（Sun et al. 2018）。相较于低攻击强度交互中产生的L-bUFM音节叫声，高攻击强度交互中产生的H-bUFM音节叫声具有更低的最低频率与更宽的带宽（Sun et al. 2018）。本数据集同时收录了这两种bUFM音节叫声类型。
上述8个种群的蝙蝠sUFM叫声同样录制于2015—2016年4—6月间。研究人员于每日16:30至20:00在洞穴中录制蝙蝠的sUFM叫声。本团队野外与实验室的既往观测结果表明，当自由飞行的雄性入侵者接近栖居领地时，定居的雄性蝙蝠会发出sUFM叫声（补充视频S2；Sun et al. 2021）。
sUFM叫声的录制采用与bUFM叫声完全一致的设备与声学参数设置。录制所用麦克风被安置在距蝙蝠栖息种群3—7 m的位置，且每日调整麦克风位置，以尽可能避免每次录音都采集到同一组蝙蝠的叫声。研究人员每1—2天开展一次录音，每个栖息种群累计录音时长达8—10天。