Supplementary table

Gastrointestinal diseases in weaned piglets frequently cause high morbidity and mortality in domestic pigs. The use of antibiotics is problematic due to increasing antibiotic resistence in bacterial populations, making probiotics highly recommended for maintaining animal health. In this study, 57 strains of biologically safe lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and bifidobacteria from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs were identified and characterized in terms of their probiotic properties for potential use in weaned piglets. These strains were divided into two sets based on their origin – from wild boars (n=41) and domestic pigs (n=16). Strains obtained from wild boars exhibited greater taxonomic diversity compared to isolates from domestic pigs. While searching for coding sequences (CDS) encoding bacteriocins and bile salt hydrolases (BSH), no significant difference was detected between the two tested groups. On the other hand, CDS encoding adhesin-like factors and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were more frequent in wild boar strains. Utilization of important carbohydrates like starch, D-raffinose, D-mannose, D-cellobiose, and gentiobiose was confirmed by API testing. Antimicrobial activity against at least one out of five tested pathogens was found in 51% of wild boar strains, but none from domestic pigs. This suggests the intestinal microbiota of wild boars could serve as a promising source of probiotics for domestic pigs.断奶仔猪胃肠道疾病常导致家猪群体出现较高的发病率与死亡率。由于细菌种群的抗生素耐药性日益加剧，抗生素的使用存在诸多弊端，因此益生菌被广泛推荐用于维持动物机体健康。本研究从猪的胃肠道（gastrointestinal tract, GIT）中分离得到57株生物学安全的乳酸菌（lactic acid bacteria, LAB）与双歧杆菌，并针对其潜在应用于断奶仔猪的益生菌特性进行了鉴定与表征。依据分离来源，这些菌株被分为两组：野猪来源菌株41株，家猪来源菌株16株。相较于家猪来源的分离株，野猪来源菌株展现出更高的分类学多样性。在搜寻编码细菌素与胆汁盐水解酶（bile salt hydrolases, BSH）的编码序列（coding sequences, CDS）时，两组受试菌株未呈现显著差异。另一方面，编码黏附素样因子与碳水化合物活性酶（carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZymes）的CDS在野猪来源菌株中出现频率更高。通过API试验证实，这些菌株可利用淀粉、D-棉子糖、D-甘露糖、D-纤维二糖与龙胆二糖等重要碳水化合物。51%的野猪来源菌株对5株受试病原菌中的至少1株具有抗菌活性，而家猪来源菌株未展现出任何抗菌活性。这表明野猪的肠道菌群可作为家猪用益生菌的潜在优质来源。