Replication Data for: The Hijab Penalty: Feminist Backlash to Muslim Immigrants

Why do native Europeans discriminate against Muslim immigrants? Can shared ideas between natives and immigrants reduce discrimination? We hypothesize that natives' bias against Muslim immigrants is shaped by the belief that Muslims hold conservative attitudes about women's rights and that this ideational basis for discrimination is more pronounced among native women. We test this hypothesis in a large-scale field experiment conducted in 25 cities across Germany, during which 3,797 unknowing bystanders were exposed to brief social encounters with confederates who revealed their ideas regarding gender roles. We find significant discrimination against Muslim women, but this discrimination is eliminated when Muslim women signal that they share progressive gender attitudes. Through an implicit association test and a follow-up survey among German adults, we further confirm the centrality of ideational stereotypes in structuring opposition to Muslims. Our findings have important implications for reducing conflict between native-immigrant communities in an era of increased cross-border migration.

欧洲本土民众为何会歧视穆斯林移民？本土民众与移民之间共享的观念能否减轻歧视现象？我们提出如下假说：欧洲本土民众对穆斯林移民的偏见，源于其认为穆斯林群体在女性权利议题上持有保守立场，且这类构成歧视的观念基础在本土女性群体中更为凸显。我们在德国境内25座城市开展的大规模田野实验中对该假说进行了验证，实验期间总计3797名不知情的旁观者，与表露自身性别角色观念的实验同谋者进行了简短社交互动。研究发现，本土民众对穆斯林女性存在显著歧视，但当穆斯林女性表明自身秉持进步主义性别观念时，此类歧视便会消除。我们还通过内隐联想测验（Implicit Association Test）以及针对德国成年人的追踪调查，进一步证实了观念刻板印象在塑造对穆斯林群体的反对态度中所起到的核心作用。在跨境移民日益增多的时代背景下，本研究结果对于缓解本土民众与移民社群间的冲突具有重要启示。