Number of parrots found in the wild in Poland.

Amateur breeding of parrots as pets has contributed to many species being found in areas where they never occurred in the wild, particularly in warmer regions, but also in the temperate climates of North America and Europe. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this process. We hypothesised that parrots occurred in the wild in the cities of Poland, especially the rose-ringed parakeet, as there are reports of breeding sites in the literature. Using information on lost, found and sighted parrots posted on social media, we have analysed the extent of parrot emergence in Poland. In a period of less than two years (from October 2018, through 2019 and from June to the end of December 2021), 2,675 parrot specimens of 49 species were found in the wild. The most frequently observed species were cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus (N = 962), budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus (N = 884) and rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri (N = 182). Parrots were most frequently observed in urban areas, in regions characterized by a higher population size, a higher income and a higher proportion of people with a university degree. Our study shows that the occurrence of parrots, especially rose-ringed parakeets in the wild, needs to be monitored as new breeding sites may appear.

宠物鹦鹉的业余繁育活动，已导致诸多鹦鹉物种出现在其原生野生分布范围之外的区域，此类扩散现象尤以温暖地区最为显著，同时也见于北美与欧洲的温带气候区。气候变化或会进一步加剧这一扩散进程。我们提出假说：波兰各城市的野生生境中存在鹦鹉定居种群，尤以红领绿鹦鹉（rose-ringed parakeet）为甚，因已有文献报道过其在当地的繁育点位。本研究依托社交媒体上发布的走失、发现及目击鹦鹉的相关信息，对波兰境内鹦鹉的野生出现范围进行了分析。在不足两年的调研周期内（2018年10月至2019年，以及2021年6月至12月末），研究人员在野生生境中共记录到49种共计2675只鹦鹉个体。观测频次最高的物种依次为鸡尾鹦鹉（cockatiel，Nymphicus hollandicus，N=962）、虎皮鹦鹉（budgerigar，Melopsittacus undulatus，N=884）以及红领绿鹦鹉（rose-ringed parakeet，Psittacula krameri，N=182）。鹦鹉的目击记录多集中于城区，且多分布于人口规模更大、人均收入更高、大学学历人口占比更高的区域。本研究表明，鉴于新的繁育点位可能不断出现，需对野生鹦鹉（尤其是红领绿鹦鹉）的种群分布情况开展长期监测。