The Database of Pollinator Interactions (DoPI) Dataset

Overview DoPI (The Database of Pollinator Interactions) was built from a systematic review of the scientific literature and unpublished datasets requested from researchers and organisations. It contains records of interactions between British plant and flower-visitor species (or genera), together with associated metadata where available. Both direct observations and inferred observations via pollen analysis were added to the database, with the exception of: (i) birds (class: Aves), (ii) insects assumed to be feeding on the plant's phloem sap, rather than nectar or pollen, e.g. aphids (family: Aphididae), (iii) plants or pollinators that could not be associated with either a genera, species or species aggregate listed in the NBN Atlas (https://nbnatlas.org/). When encountering species records that did not match those listed in the NBN Atlas we searched the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (https://www.gbif.org/) for synonyms. For each record we collated the following metadata, when available: plant and flower-visitor species/genus NBN Code, date, location, habitat, methodology (Table 1). We classified each record in terms of the strength of evidence that the floral visitor was a pollinator (rather than a flower visitor), to allow users to collate data if their analysis requires proven pollination. This was quantified using the scale detailed in Column X (Table 1). We also recorded pollinator species reported to be collecting nectar or pollen. Each record in the database is associated with a source publication (author(s), year, journal details, DOI, URL), allowing users to refer to the original literature/author for further information, if required. Errors may be present in the database due to mistakes in the original literature, interpretation of the data, or data entry. Extensive attempts have been made to minimize errors, especially of the third kind. We encourage users to report errors encountered in the database. Database Contents DoPI currently (April 2025) contains 101,539 records, detailing 329,918 interactions from 302 publications. The dates of these data range from 1802 to 2019, but the majority are from this century (95%; 2000-2019). The number of interactions (i.e. the number of times a pairwise species interaction was recorded per occasion) varies considerably between records, averaging 3.6. These include records from 1,888 pollinator species and 1,241 plant species, totalling >17,000 pairwise species interactions. The majority of DoPI pollinator records are from bee species (70.6%), followed by flies (18.8%), beetles (6.0%) and butterflies (2.1%). Diptera are the most speciose pollinator order in the database (747 species), followed by Hymenoptera (613), Lepidoptera (240) and Coleoptera (227). Bombus (56.3%), Apis (10.1%), Meligethes (2.7%), Pegoplata (2.4%), Andrena (1.9%), Eristalis (1.9%) and Episyrphus (1.9%) are the most frequently recorded pollinator genera. The DoPI plant data is dominated by herbs (70.9%), followed by shrubs (23.7%) and trees (1.6%). Asterales (189 species), Lamiales (156) and Rosales (112) are the most speciose plant orders, with: Centaurea (8.0%), Rubus (7.9%), Ranunculus (5.3%) and Cirsium (5.1%) being the most commonly recorded plant genera. The geographical coverage of the data held by DoPI is skewed towards southern England and central Scotland, with few data from the South and North of Scotland, the Scottish islands and northern England (Fig. 2). Suburban (16.1%), Arable and Horticulture (15.9%), Improved Grassland (14.4%) and Heathland (13.0%) are the most commonly recorded habitats. For further details see the paper outlining the database constuction and contents: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.3801. We encourage authors to cite this paper or individual studies where appropriate. Website: DoPI is currently accessible on the University of Sussex, Life Sciences website (https://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/ebe/dopi) or at https://www.dopi.org.uk/. Citation: Balfour, N.J., Castellanos, M.C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A. and Johnson, C., 2022. DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103, e3801. Table 1. Details of the dataset in the file (DoPI_dataset.csv) below. Data are given in 27 columns (Columns A-AA) with headers (Titles) and accompanying notes. Column Title Notes A Authors Publication author(s) B Title Publication title C Journal Publication journal D Pub Year Publication year E Pub Vol Publication volume F DOI Publication Digital Object Identifier (https://www.doi.org) G Methodology Methodology used in data collection. H Pollinator Survey Survey effort in data collection (All, Group, Single Species) I Plant Survey Survey effort in data collection (All, Group, Single Species) J NBN Pollinator Code Pollinator species code from the NBN Atlas (https://nbnatlas.org/) K COL Pollinator Code Pollinator species code from the Catalogue of Life (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/) L Pollinator Species Pollinator species name from the NBN Atlas M Caste Caste or gender of pollinator N NBN Plant Code Plant species code from the NBN Atlas O COL Plant Code Plant species code from the Catalogue of Life (https://www.catalogueoflife.org/) P Plant Species Plant species name from the NBN Atlas Q Interactions Number of interactions recorded R Date Day of the month of interaction S Month Month of interaction T Year Year of interaction U Grid Letter Location of interaction. Letters from the Ordnance Survey National Grid V Grid Code Location of interaction. Numbers from the Ordnance Survey National Grid W Latitude Location of interaction given in geographic coordinates X Longitude Location of interaction given in geographic coordinates Y Habitat Habitat type in which the interaction was recorded. Loosely based on those used on the Centre of Ecology and Hydrology Land Cover Map 2007 (https://www.ceh.ac.uk/services/land-cover-map-2007) Z Pollination Pollination quality of interaction, i.e. effectiveness of visitor to pollinate the flower. Based on Ollerton et al. (2019) and Adams & Lawson (1993): 1 - pollination confirmed, visitors with pollen attached and observed to produce pollination of a flower (e.g., transferring pollen to stigmas and/or leading to seed set)2 - pollination inferred, visitors observed with pollen attached (but not confirmed to transfer pollen to stigmas)3 - pollination inferred from circumstantial evidence (e.g., visitors observed on flowers, but evidence of picking up pollen is missing)4 - no pollination, the flower-visitor is a nectar or pollen robber, a herbivore, a predator, or a parasite of insects in the flowers Ollerton J. et al. 2019. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study, Annals of Botany, 123, 311–32. Adams, P.B., and Lawson, S.D. 1993. Pollination in Australian orchids: a critical-assessment of the literature 1882-1992. Australian Journal of Botany 41, 553-575. AA Pollen Pollen collection by pollinator species reported AB Nectar Nectar collection by pollinator species reported AC Record Record unique reference number AD ArticleURL Publication web address概述 DoPI（传粉者相互作用数据库，The Database of Pollinator Interactions）通过系统梳理科学文献，并向研究人员与机构征集未公开数据集构建而成，收录英国本土植物与访花物种（或属）间的相互作用记录，附带可用的相关元数据。 数据库同时纳入直接观测与通过花粉分析得到的间接观测记录，但排除以下三类情况：(i) 鸟类（鸟纲Aves）；(ii) 被推测以植物韧皮部汁液为食而非花蜜或花粉的昆虫，例如蚜虫（蚜科Aphididae）；(iii) 无法与英国国家生物多样性图谱（NBN Atlas，https://nbnatlas.org/）中列出的任何属、物种或物种集合匹配的植物或传粉者。当遇到无法匹配NBN Atlas的物种记录时，研究团队会在全球生物多样性信息设施（GBIF，https://www.gbif.org/）中检索其同义学名。 对于每条记录，研究团队尽可能收集以下元数据：植物与访花物种/属的NBN编码、日期、地点、生境、研究方法（见表1）。研究团队根据「访花者是否为有效传粉者」的证据强度对每条记录进行分类，以便用户在分析需要确证传粉事件时筛选数据，该分类采用表1中X列详述的量化标准。研究团队同时记录了被报道采集花蜜或花粉的传粉者物种。数据库中的每条记录均关联来源文献信息（作者、发表年份、期刊详情、数字对象标识符DOI、URL），方便用户在需要时查阅原始文献或作者获取更多信息。由于原始文献笔误、数据解读偏差或数据录入失误，数据库中可能存在错误，研究团队已尽最大努力减少此类错误，尤其是数据录入类错误。研究团队鼓励用户反馈数据库中发现的错误。 ## 数据库内容 DoPI截至2025年4月共收录101,539条记录，涵盖来自302篇文献的329,918次相互作用事件。数据时间跨度为1802年至2019年，其中95%（2000年至2019年）来自本世纪。每条记录所记录的物种间两两相互作用频次差异较大，平均为3.6次。该数据集涵盖1,888种传粉者与1,241种植物，总计超过17,000次物种间两两相互作用。 传粉者记录中，膜翅目蜂类占比最高（70.6%），其次为双翅目蝇类（18.8%）、鞘翅目甲虫（6.0%）与鳞翅目蝶类（2.1%）。数据库中物种丰富度最高的传粉者类群为双翅目（747种），依次为膜翅目（613种）、鳞翅目（240种）与鞘翅目（227种）。记录频次最高的传粉者属包括：熊蜂属Bombus（56.3%）、蜜蜂属Apis（10.1%）、细胸叩头甲属Meligethes（2.7%）、Pegoplata属（2.4%）、地蜂属Andrena（1.9%）、长尾管蚜蝇属Eristalis（1.9%）与食蚜蝇属Episyrphus（1.9%）。 植物类群中，草本植物占比最高（70.9%），其次为灌木（23.7%）与乔木（1.6%）。物种丰富度最高的植物目为菊目Asterales（189种）、唇形目Lamiales（156种）与蔷薇目Rosales（112种）；记录频次最高的植物属包括：矢车菊属Centaurea（8.0%）、悬钩子属Rubus（7.9%）、毛茛属Ranunculus（5.3%）与蓟属Cirsium（5.1%）。 DoPI的地理分布偏向英格兰南部与苏格兰中部，苏格兰南部、北部、苏格兰群岛以及英格兰北部的记录较少（图2）。记录最多的生境类型为郊区（16.1%）、耕地与园艺用地（15.9%）、改良草地（14.4%）与灌丛地（13.0%）。 更多细节可参阅阐述该数据库构建与内容的论文：https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ecy.3801。研究团队鼓励作者在合适情况下引用该论文或相关单项研究。 数据库当前可通过萨塞克斯大学生命科学学院官网（https://www.sussex.ac.uk/lifesci/ebe/dopi）或https://www.dopi.org.uk/访问。 ### 引用格式 Balfour, N.J., Castellanos, M.C., Goulson, D., Philippides, A. 与 Johnson, C., 2022. DoPI: The Database of Pollinator Interactions. Ecology, 103, e3801. 表1 为附件中`DoPI_dataset.csv`文件的数据集详情，该文件包含27列（列A至列AA），均带有表头（标题）及相关注释： | 列号 | 标题 | 注释 | |------|------|------| | A | Authors（作者） | 文献作者 | | B | Title（标题） | 文献标题 | | C | Journal（期刊） | 发表期刊 | | D | Pub Year（出版年份） | 文献发表年份 | | E | Pub Vol（卷号） | 期刊卷号 | | F | DOI（数字对象标识符） | 文献数字对象标识符（https://www.doi.org） | | G | Methodology（研究方法） | 数据收集所用方法 | | H | Pollinator Survey（传粉者调查） | 数据收集阶段的传粉者调查强度（全部类群、类群组合、单一物种） | | I | Plant Survey（植物调查） | 数据收集阶段的植物调查强度（全部类群、类群组合、单一物种） | | J | NBN Pollinator Code（NBN传粉者编码） | 来自NBN Atlas的传粉者物种编码 | | K | COL Pollinator Code（COL传粉者编码） | 来自生命目录（Catalogue of Life，https://www.catalogueoflife.org/）的传粉者物种编码 | | L | Pollinator Species（传粉者物种） | 来自NBN Atlas的传粉者物种名称 | | M | Caste（品级） | 传粉者的品级或性别 | | N | NBN Plant Code（NBN植物编码） | 来自NBN Atlas的植物物种编码 | | O | COL Plant Code（COL植物编码） | 来自生命目录（https://www.catalogueoflife.org/）的植物物种编码 | | P | Plant Species（植物物种） | 来自NBN Atlas的植物物种名称 | | Q | Interactions（相互作用次数） | 记录的相互作用频次 | | R | Date（日期） | 相互作用发生的日 | | S | Month（月份） | 相互作用发生的月 | | T | Year（年份） | 相互作用发生的年 | | U | Grid Letter（网格字母） | 相互作用发生地点，取自英国地形测量局国家网格的字母部分 | | V | Grid Code（网格编码） | 相互作用发生地点，取自英国地形测量局国家网格的数字部分 | | W | Latitude（纬度） | 以地理坐标表示的相互作用发生地点纬度 | | X | Longitude（经度） | 以地理坐标表示的相互作用发生地点经度 | | Y | Habitat（生境） | 记录相互作用发生的生境类型，大致基于英国生态与水文中心2007年土地覆盖图（https://www.ceh.ac.uk/services/land-cover-map-2007）的分类标准 | | Z | Pollination（传粉质量） | 该相互作用的传粉质量，即访花者对该植物的传粉有效性。基于Ollerton等（2019）与Adams & Lawson（1993）的标准划分： 1 - 传粉确证：访花者携带花粉且被观测到完成传粉过程（例如将花粉转移至柱头并/或促成结实） 2 - 传粉推断：访花者被观测到携带花粉（但未确证将花粉转移至柱头） 3 - 传粉间接推断：仅存在间接证据（例如访花者被观测到停留在花朵上，但未检测到其携带花粉） 4 - 无传粉作用：该访花者为花蜜/花粉盗食者、植食者、捕食者或花内昆虫的寄生者 参考文献： Ollerton J. et al. 2019. 大型植物支系的传粉系统多样性与演化：以夹竹桃科为例，《Annals of Botany》，123，311–332。 Adams, P.B. 与 Lawson, S.D. 1993. 澳大利亚兰科植物传粉：1882-1992年文献批判性综述，《Australian Journal of Botany》41，553-575。 | | AA | Pollen（花粉采集） | 记录的传粉者花粉采集行为 | | AB | Nectar（花蜜采集） | 记录的传粉者花蜜采集行为 | | AC | Record（记录编号） | 记录唯一标识码 | | AD | ArticleURL（文献网址） | 文献的网络访问地址