Russian predicatives: do not believe your eyes and do not appeal to the obvious [Ru: Не верь глазам своим: русские предикативы и апелляция к очевидному]

This short paper of mine has been written for the book: Проблемы лингвистической семантики и прагматики языковых единиц разных уровней: доклады Международной научной конференции, посвященной памяти доктора филологических наук, профессора Ольги Павловны Ермаковой /редколл.: Ерёмин А.Н. (отв. ред), Исаева Н.А., Петрова О.О. Калуга: КГУ им. К.Э. Циолковского, кафедра русского языка 12–14 октября 2023 г. – 400 с. My short paper focuses on the proportion of canonic and non-canonic dative subjects in Russian. The dative-infinitive construction imposes a s-selectional restriction on animacy, which forces the reanalysis of underlyingly inanimate nouns as substitutes of animate nouns. The title of the paper revokes the notion of perceptual reports. I argue that the Russian verb видеть 'see' as well as its counterparts in some European languages cannot be treated as a perception verb in contexts like 'X saw how Y was upset', it shifts its meaning and must be analyzed as a putative verb conveying the meaning 'X realizes that p'. Internal states like 'be SORRY', 'be UPSET', etc. cannot be observed from the outside, and the verb SEE develops a new (i. e. putative) meanшng by coercion. Therefore, the embeddability of Russian dative predicatives in the frame 'X saw that [INTERNAL STATE]' is not a valid criterion for checking the status of internal davidsonian states (internal D-states). NB. Professor Olga P. Ermakova was an outstanding Russian lexicographer, who contributed to the analysis of derived meanings.本文为收录于以下论文集的短篇论文：《不同层级语言单位的语言学语义学与语用学问题——纪念语文学博士、教授奥尔加·帕夫洛夫娜·叶尔马科娃国际学术会议报告集》/ 编委会：叶廖明·А.Н.（责任编辑）、伊萨耶娃·Н.А.、彼得罗娃·О.О.。卡卢加：康斯坦丁·齐奥尔科夫斯基卡卢加国立大学（КГУ им. К.Э. Циолковского），俄语教研室，2023年10月12–14日，共400页。 本短篇论文聚焦俄语中规范（canonic）与非规范（non-canonic）与格主语（dative subjects）的占比问题。与格-不定式结构（dative-infinitive construction）对有生性（animacy）存在语义选择限制（s-selectional restriction），这会促使底层表征为无生性的名词被重新分析（reanalysis）为有生性名词的替代成分。 本文标题援引了知觉报告（perceptual reports）这一概念。笔者认为，俄语动词видеть（意为"看见"）以及部分欧洲语言中的对应动词，在诸如"X saw how Y was upset"（X目睹了Y情绪低落）这类语境中，不能被视作知觉动词：该动词会发生语义偏移，需被分析为表达"X realizes that p"含义的推定动词（putative verb）。 诸如"be SORRY"（感到难过）、"be UPSET"（情绪低落）这类内部心理状态无法从外部被直接观察，因此动词see通过语义压制（coercion）产生了一种新的（即推定义）语义。由此可见，将俄语与格谓语能否嵌入"X saw that [INTERNAL STATE]"（X看见[内部心理状态]）这一句法框架，并非检验内部戴维森式状态（internal Davidsonian states，简称内部D-状态（internal D-states））地位的有效标准。 注：奥尔加·P·叶尔马科娃教授是杰出的俄罗斯词典编纂学家，曾在派生语义分析领域做出重要贡献。