The Greek Earthquake Impact Database (GEIDB): 1800-2020

The historical earthquake record in Greece is quite rich and goes back to the 5th century BCE. Hundreds of earthquakes caused a variety of direct and indirect effects on human communities and on their properties as well as on the natural environment. The term direct impact is meant to describe effects caused by the ground shaking itself. Indirect impact includes economic, social, and psychological effects as well as diseases and epidemics. Direct earthquake effects on human communities are extended to the built environment and to the population. The effects on buildings may vary from slight to heavy damage and to partial or total collapse. Physical suffering, such as fatalities, injuries, and rendering homeless, is the most common direct earthquake effect on the population. The Greek Earthquake Impact Database (GEIDB) is the result of an effort to compile for the first time data regarding the direct impact of Greek earthquakes that occurred from 1800 CE up to 2020. Data covering a wide range of impacts, regardless of the type and age of buildings, have been compiled and inserted in the GEIDB. Data for fatalities and injuries are available for plenty of earthquakes in Greece that occurred in the reference period and have also been included in the GEIDB. The majority of the earthquakes that affected the built environment and the population on the territory of today's Greece had their epicenters on this territory as well. Very few strong earthquakes that occurred close in neighboring countries also caused some impact in Greece and have been inserted in the GEIDB. However, GEIDB does not contain data about the impact caused in neighboring countries by Greek earthquakes.Each entry in GEIDB includes (i) (i) the respective earthquake focal parameters, (ii) the impact on the built environment in terms of numbers of unrepairable and repairable buildings as well as the impact on the population in terms of numbers of fatalities and injuries, (iii) assignment of the maximum macroseismic intensity, and (iv) a detailed reference list for the sources utilized to retrieve data. The GEIDB also provides information on the occurrence of tsunamis but without details. The reason is that tsunami waves cause their own impact and, therefore, a separate Greek Tsunami Impact Database (GTIDB) has already been organized (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10199521) Prospects for future improvements of the GEIDB include its extension before 1800 CE as well as the addition of earthquake effects on the natural environment.

希腊的历史地震记录极为丰富，可追溯至公元前5世纪。数百次地震对人类社会、财产及自然环境造成了多样的直接与间接影响。其中，直接影响指由地面震动本身引发的效应；间接影响则涵盖经济、社会、心理效应，以及疾病与流行病。

地震对人类社会的直接影响延伸至建成环境与人口。建筑受地震影响的程度可从轻微损坏、严重损坏，直至部分或完全坍塌。人员层面，死亡、受伤、无家可归等身体伤害是最常见的直接地震影响。

希腊地震影响数据库（Greek Earthquake Impact Database, GEIDB）是首次系统性汇编公元1800年至2020年希腊地震直接影响数据的成果。该库收录了涵盖多类影响的数据集，不受建筑类型与年代限制。同时，参考时段内希腊多起地震的死亡与受伤人数数据也已被纳入GEIDB。

绝大多数影响现今希腊境内建成环境与人口的地震，其震中均位于该区域内。仅有极少数发生在邻国附近的强震，曾对希腊造成影响并被纳入GEIDB。不过，GEIDB未收录希腊地震在邻国造成的影响数据。

GEIDB中的每条记录包含以下四项内容：(i) 对应地震的震源参数；(ii) 建成环境影响情况，包括无法修复与可修复建筑的数量，以及人口影响情况，包括死亡与受伤人数；(iii) 最大宏观地震烈度赋值；(iv) 用于获取数据的详细参考文献列表。

GEIDB还提供了海啸发生的相关信息，但未包含具体细节。原因在于海啸波浪会引发专属的地震影响，因此相关数据已被收录至独立的希腊海啸影响数据库（Greek Tsunami Impact Database, GTIDB）中，其链接为https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10199521。

GEIDB未来的改进方向包括将数据回溯至公元1800年之前，以及补充地震对自然环境造成的影响相关内容。