Input data for running forward simulations of CO2 atmospheric concentrations over Europe for the year 2019.

This dataset provides input data (fluxes, background concentrations, and observations) for running forward simulations of CO2 atmospheric concentrations over Europe for the year 2019 using chemical transport models (CTMs). While some components of the dataset are available in other repositories, this compilation serves to 1) streamline the data collection process for other users and 2) bypass the need to perform data aggregation. Here is a description of each dataset: cams73_latest_co2_conc_surface_inst_2019*.nc CO2 mole fractions from the CAMS global inversion-optimised product v20r2 (Chevallier et al., 2010). The data are provided at a resolution of 3.75° in longitude and 1.9° in latitude, with a 3-hourly temporal resolution. monitor_CO2_CIF_2019.nc Observed CO2 atmospheric mixing ratios in Europe, compiled in version V8 of the ICOS GlobalView Obspack (ICOS RI et al., 2023), include continuous measurements from 58 stations across Europe, incorporating both ICOS and non-ICOS facilities. The original dataset has been aggregated and adapted to match the format of the monitor files used in the Community Inversion Framework (CIF; Berchet et al., 2021). EDGARv4.3_BP2021_CO2_EU2_2019.nc Anthropogenic CO2 fluxes (European, hourly) obtained from EDGAR-v4.2 and BP. The anthropogenic CO2 emissions are based on the spatial distribution from the EDGAR-v4.2 inventory, national and annual budgets from British Petroleum (BP) statistics, and hourly temporal profiles derived using the COFFEE approach (Steinbach et al., 2011, available on the ICOS Carbon Portal). This data is provided at a 0.1° × 0.1° horizontal resolution and hourly temporal resolution. FG2.TRENDY11.ORC3.S3.3H_NBP_resp_2019.nc NBP CO2 fluxes (global, 3-hourly) obtained from ORCHIDEE simulations. The ORCHIDEE-TRENDY simulation is conducted as part of the TRENDY model intercomparison project (e.g., Sitch et al., 2015; Friedlingstein et al., 2022). This simulation uses inputs provided by the project, including the CRUERA atmospheric climate forcing (global, 6-hourly, 0.5-degree resolution), LUH2 land-use change dataset, global atmospheric CO2 concentration data, and nitrogen fertilizer input datasets. All TRENDY simulations adhere to a standardized protocol: a model spin-up phase using recycled forcing data from 1901-1920, with other inputs from 1700, continues until the model's carbon pools reach equilibrium (340 years of spin-up for ORCHIDEE). This is followed by a transient simulation from 1700-1900, varying CO2 and land-use data while recycling climate forcing, and a historical simulation from 1901-2020 with all data inputs varied. FR2.ORC3v7267.CRUERA3.NBP_3H.2019.nc NBP CO2 fluxes (Europe, 3-hourly) obtained from ORCHIDEE simulations. The ORCHIDEE-VERIFY simulation is performed as part of the VERIFY project over the European region. This simulation is driven by the CRUERA dataset, which is derived from the ERA5-Land dataset (originally global, 1-hourly, at 0.1-degree resolution), transformed to the VERIFY region of interest (35°N to 73°N, 25°W to 45°E, 3-hourly, at 0.125-degree resolution), and re-aligned with the CRU observation dataset (for air temperature, shortwave radiation, humidity, and precipitation). The Hilda+ dataset is used for land use, and the EMEP model outputs are used for nitrogen inputs. The VERIFY simulation follows the general protocol used in the TRENDY project. FR2.ORC3v7267.CRUERA3.hetero_resp_3H.2019.nc Heterotrophic respiration CO2 fluxes (Europe, 3-hourly) obtained from ORCHIDEE simulations as described in the previous section. Becker_coastal_fluxes_RF_v2021_2_2019.nc Ocean CO2 fluxes (Europe, daily). The ocean fluxes come from a hybrid product combining the University of Bergen coastal ocean flux estimate and the Rödenbeck global ocean estimate (Rödenbeck et al., 2014). This data is provided at a 0.125° × 0.125° horizontal resolution and at a daily temporal resolution. References Berchet, A., Sollum, E., Pison, I., Thompson, R. L., Thanwerdas, J., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Peet, J. C. A. v., Potier, E., Chevallier, F., Broquet, G., and Berchet, A.: The Community Inversion Framework: codes and documentation, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6304912, 2022 Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Conway, T. J., Aalto, T., Anderson, B. E., Bousquet, P., Brunke, E. G., Ciattaglia, L., Esaki, Y., Fröhlich, M., Gomez, A., Gomez-Pelaez, A. J., Haszpra, L., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., Leuenberger, M., Machida, T., Maignan, F., Matsueda, H., Morguí, J. A., Mukai, H., Nakazawa, T., Peylin, P., Ramonet, M., Rivier, L., Sawa, Y., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Vay, S. A., Vermeulen, A. T., Wofsy, S., and Worthy, D.: CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013887, 2010 Friedlingstein, P., O’Sullivan, M., Jones, M. W., Andrew, R. M., Gregor, L., Hauck, J., Le Quéré, C., Luijkx, I. T., Olsen, A., Peters, G. P.,Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Schwingshackl, C., Sitch, S., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Alin, S. R., Alkama, R., Arneth, A., Arora,V. K., Bates, N. R., Becker, M., Bellouin, N., Bittig, H. C., Bopp, L., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Cronin, M., Evans, W., Falk, S., Feely, R. A., Gasser, T., Gehlen, M., Gkritzalis, T., Gloege, L., Grassi, G., Gruber, N., Gürses, O., Harris, I., Hefner, M., Houghton, R. A.,Hurtt, G. C., Iida, Y., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Jersild, A., Kadono, K., Kato, E., Kennedy, D., Klein Goldewijk, K., Knauer, J., Korsbakken,J. I., Landschützer, P., Lefèvre, N., Lindsay, K., Liu, J., Liu, Z., Marland, G., Mayot, N., McGrath, M. J., Metzl, N., Monacci, N. M.,Munro, D. R., Nakaoka, S.-I., Niwa, Y., O’Brien, K., Ono, T., Palmer, P. I., Pan, N., Pierrot, D., Pocock, K., Poulter, B., Resplandy, L.,Robertson, E., Rödenbeck, C., Rodriguez, C., Rosan, T. M., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Shutler, J. D., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sun, Q., Sutton, A. J., Sweeney, C., Takao, S., Tanhua, T., Tans, P. P., Tian, X., Tian, H., Tilbrook, B., Tsujino, H., Tubiello, F., van der Werf,G. R., Walker, A. P., Wanninkhof, R., Whitehead, C., Willstrand Wranne, A., Wright, R., Yuan, W., Yue, C., Yue, X., Zaehle, S., Zeng, J., and Zheng, B.: Global Carbon Budget 2022, Earth System Science Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022,https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/4811/2022/, publisher: Copernicus GmbH, 2022 ICOS RI, Bergamaschi, P., Colomb, A., De Mazière, M., Emmenegger, L., Kubistin, D., Lehner, I., Lehtinen, K., Lund Myhre, C., Marek, M., Platt, S. M., Plaß-Dülmer, C., Schmidt, M., Apadula, F., Arnold, S., Blanc, P.-E., Brunner, D., Chen, H., Chmura, L., Conil, S., Couret, C., Cristofanelli, P., Delmotte, M., Forster, G., Frumau, A., Gheusi, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Heliasz, M., Henne, S., Hoheisel, A., Kneuer, T., Laurila, T., Leskinen, A., Leuenberger, M., Levin, I., Lindauer, M., Lopez, M., Lunder, C., Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Manning, A., Marklund, P., Martin, D., Meinhardt, F., Müller-Williams, J., Necki, J., O’Doherty, S., Ottosson-Löfvenius, M., Philippon, C., Piacentino, S., Pitt, J., Ramonet, M., Rivas-Soriano, P., Scheeren, B., Schumacher, M., Sha, M. K., Spain, G., Steinbacher, M., Sørensen, L. L., Vermeulen, A., Vítková, G., Xueref-Remy, I., di Sarra, A., Conen, F., Kazan, V., Roulet, Y.-A., Biermann, T., Heltai, D., Hensen, A., Hermansen, O., Komínková, K., Laurent, O., Levula, J., Pichon, J.-M., Smith, P., Stanley, K., Trisolino, P., ICOS Carbon Portal, ICOS Atmosphere Thematic Centre, ICOS Flask And Calibration Laboratory, and ICOS Central Radiocarbon Laboratory: European Obspack compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data from ICOS and non-ICOS European stations for the period 1972-2023;obspack_co2_466_GLOBALVIEWplus_v8.0_2023-04-26, https://doi.org/10.18160/CEC4-CAGK, 2023 Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Metzl, N., Olsen, A., Sabine, C., Cassar, N., Reum, F., Keeling, R. F., and Heimann, M.: Interannual sea–air CO2 flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme, Biogeosciences, 11, 4599–4613, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4599-2014, 2014 Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Gruber, N., Jones, S. D., Murray-Tortarolo, G., Ahlström, A., Doney, S. C., Graven, H., Heinze, C., Huntingford,C., Levis, S., Levy, P. E., Lomas, M., Poulter, B., Viovy, N., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., Arneth, A., Bonan, G., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G.,Chevallier, F., Ciais, P., Ellis, R., Gloor, M., Peylin, P., Piao, S. L., Le Quéré, C., Smith, B., Zhu, Z., and Myneni, R.: Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, 12, 653–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-653-2015, https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/12/653/2015/, publisher: Copernicus GmbH, 2015. Steinbach, J., Gerbig, C., Rödenbeck, C., Karstens, U., Minejima, C., and Mukai, H.: The CO2 release and Oxygen uptake from Fossil Fuel Emission Estimate (COFFEE) dataset: effects from varying oxidative ratios, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 6855–6870,1160 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6855-2011, 2011本数据集提供输入数据（通量、背景浓度与观测值），用于基于化学传输模型（CTMs）对2019年欧洲区域大气CO₂浓度开展正向模拟。尽管该数据集的部分组分可在其他仓库获取，但本汇编的目的在于：1）为其他用户简化数据收集流程；2）免去用户自行进行数据聚合的工作。 以下为各数据集的详细说明： ### cams73_latest_co2_conc_surface_inst_2019*.nc 该数据为CAMS全球反演优化产品v20r2的CO₂摩尔分数（Chevallier等，2010）。数据空间分辨率为经度3.75°、纬度1.9°，时间分辨率为每3小时。 ### monitor_CO2_CIF_2019.nc 本数据为欧洲区域大气CO₂混合比观测值，源自ICOS GlobalView观测包（ICOS RI等，2023）的V8版本，包含欧洲58个站点的连续观测数据，涵盖ICOS与非ICOS观测设施。原始数据集已完成聚合与适配，以匹配社区反演框架（CIF; Berchet等，2021）中使用的观测文件格式。 ### EDGARv4.3_BP2021_CO2_EU2_2019.nc 本数据为欧洲区域人为源CO₂通量（逐小时），源自EDGAR-v4.2与英国石油公司（BP）统计数据。人为源CO₂排放基于EDGAR-v4.2排放清单的空间分布、英国石油公司（BP）统计的国家与年度预算，以及采用COFFEE方法得到的逐小时时间分布（Steinbach等，2011，可在ICOS碳门户获取）。数据空间分辨率为0.1°×0.1°，时间分辨率为逐小时。 ### FG2.TRENDY11.ORC3.S3.3H_NBP_resp_2019.nc 本数据为全球尺度净生物群区生产力（NBP）CO₂通量（每3小时），源自ORCHIDEE模型模拟结果。ORCHIDEE-TRENDY模拟作为TRENDY模型比对项目的一部分开展（例如Sitch等，2015；Friedlingstein等，2022）。该模拟采用项目提供的输入数据，包括CRUERA大气气候强迫数据（全球尺度，每6小时，0.5°分辨率）、LUH2土地利用变化数据集、全球大气CO₂浓度数据以及氮肥投入数据集。所有TRENDY模拟均遵循标准化协议：首先使用1901-1920年的循环强迫数据开展模型自旋启动阶段，其余输入数据取自1700年，直至模型碳库达到平衡（ORCHIDEE需340年自旋启动）；随后开展1700-1900年的瞬态模拟，在循环使用气候强迫数据的同时调整CO₂与土地利用数据；最后进行1901-2020年的历史模拟，使用全部可变输入数据。 ### FR2.ORC3v7267.CRUERA3.NBP_3H.2019.nc 本数据为欧洲区域净生物群区生产力（NBP）CO₂通量（每3小时），源自ORCHIDEE模型模拟结果。ORCHIDEE-VERIFY模拟作为VERIFY项目的一部分，针对欧洲区域开展。该模拟由CRUERA数据集驱动，该数据集源自ERA5-Land数据集（原始为全球尺度，每1小时，0.1°分辨率），经重采样至VERIFY关注区域（北纬35°至73°，西经25°至东经45°），并转换为每3小时、0.125°分辨率，同时与CRU观测数据集（气温、短波辐射、湿度与降水）进行对齐。本模拟采用Hilda+数据集作为土地利用数据，EMEP模型输出作为氮输入数据。VERIFY模拟遵循TRENDY项目的通用协议。 ### FR2.ORC3v7267.CRUERA3.hetero_resp_3H.2019.nc 本数据为欧洲区域异养呼吸CO₂通量（每3小时），源自前文所述的ORCHIDEE模型模拟结果。 ### Becker_coastal_fluxes_RF_v2021_2_2019.nc 本数据为欧洲区域海洋CO₂通量（逐日）。海洋通量源自混合产品，结合了卑尔根大学沿岸海洋通量估算结果与Rödenbeck全球海洋通量估算结果（Rödenbeck等，2014）。数据空间分辨率为0.125°×0.125°，时间分辨率为逐日。 #### 参考文献 1. Berchet A, Sollum E, Pison I, Thompson RL, Thanwerdas J, Fortems-Cheiney A, Peet JCAv, Potier E, Chevallier F, Broquet G, Berchet A. The Community Inversion Framework: codes and documentation[EB/OL]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6304912, 2022 2. Chevallier F, Ciais P, Conway TJ, Aalto T, Anderson BE, Bousquet P, Brunke EG, Ciattaglia L, Esaki Y, Fröhlich M, Gomez A, Gomez-Pelaez AJ, Haszpra L, Krummel PB, Langenfelds RL, Leuenberger M, Machida T, Maignan F, Matsueda H, Morguí JA, Mukai H, Nakazawa T, Peylin P, Ramonet M, Rivier L, Sawa Y, Schmidt M, Steele LP, Vay SA, Vermeulen AT, Wofsy S, Worthy D. CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010, 115: https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013887 3. Friedlingstein P, O’Sullivan M, Jones MW, Andrew RM, Gregor L, Hauck J, Le Quéré C, Luijkx IT, Olsen A, Peters GP, Peters W, Pongratz J, Schwingshackl C, Sitch S, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Jackson RB, Alin SR, Alkama R, Arneth A, Arora VK, Bates NR, Becker M, Bellouin N, Bittig HC, Bopp L, Chevallier F, Chini LP, Cronin M, Evans W, Falk S, Feely RA, Gasser T, Gehlen M, Gkritzalis T, Gloege L, Grassi G, Gruber N, Gürses O, Harris I, Hefner M, Houghton RA, Hurtt GC, Iida Y, Ilyina T, Jain AK, Jersild A, Kadono K, Kato E, Kennedy D, Klein Goldewijk K, Knauer J, Korsbakken JI, Landschützer P, Lefèvre N, Lindsay K, Liu J, Liu Z, Marland G, Mayot N, McGrath MJ, Metzl N, Monacci NM, Munro DR, Nakaoka S-I, Niwa Y, O’Brien K, Ono T, Palmer PI, Pan N, Pierrot D, Pocock K, Poulter B, Resplandy L, Robertson E, Rödenbeck C, Rodriguez C, Rosan TM, Schwinger J, Séférian R, Shutler JD, Skjelvan I, Steinhoff T, Sun Q, Sutton AJ, Sweeney C, Takao S, Tanhua T, Tans PP, Tian X, Tian H, Tilbrook B, Tsujino H, Tubiello F, van der Werf GR, Walker AP, Wanninkhof R, Whitehead C, Willstrand Wranne A, Wright R, Yuan W, Yue C, Yue X, Zaehle S, Zeng J, Zheng B. Global Carbon Budget 2022[J]. Earth System Science Data, 2022, 14: 4811-4900. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 4. ICOS RI, Bergamaschi P, Colomb A, De Mazière M, Emmenegger L, Kubistin D, Lehner I, Lehtinen K, Lund Myhre C, Marek M, Platt SM, Plaß-Dülmer C, Schmidt M, Apadula F, Arnold S, Blanc P-E, Brunner D, Chen H, Chmura L, Conil S, Couret C, Cristofanelli P, Delmotte M, Forster G, Frumau A, Gheusi F, Hammer S, Haszpra L, Heliasz M, Henne S, Hoheisel A, Kneuer T, Laurila T, Leskinen A, Leuenberger M, Levin I, Lindauer M, Lopez M, Lunder C, Mammarella I, Manca G, Manning A, Marklund P, Martin D, Meinhardt F, Müller-Williams J, Necki J, O’Doherty S, Ottosson-Löfvenius M, Philippon C, Piacentino S, Pitt J, Ramonet M, Rivas-Soriano P, Scheeren B, Schumacher M, Sha MK, Spain G, Steinbacher M, Sørensen LL, Vermeulen A, Vítková G, Xueref-Remy I, di Sarra A, Conen F, Kazan V, Roulet Y-A, Biermann T, Heltai D, Hensen A, Hermansen O, Komínková K, Laurent O, Levula J, Pichon J-M, Smith P, Stanley K, Trisolino P, ICOS Carbon Portal, ICOS Atmosphere Thematic Centre, ICOS Flask And Calibration Laboratory, ICOS Central Radiocarbon Laboratory. European Obspack compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data from ICOS and non-ICOS European stations for the period 1972-2023; obspack_co2_466_GLOBALVIEWplus_v8.0_2023-04-26[EB/OL]. https://doi.org/10.18160/CEC4-CAGK, 2023 5. Rödenbeck C, Bakker DCE, Metzl N, Olsen A, Sabine C, Cassar N, Reum F, Keeling RF, Heimann M. Interannual sea–air CO2 flux variability from an observation-driven ocean mixed-layer scheme[J]. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11: 4599-4613. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4599-2014 6. Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Gruber N, Jones SD, Murray-Tortarolo G, Ahlström A, Doney SC, Graven H, Heinze C, Huntingford C, Levis S, Levy PE, Lomas M, Poulter B, Viovy N, Zaehle S, Zeng N, Arneth A, Bonan G, Bopp L, Canadell JG, Chevallier F, Ciais P, Ellis R, Gloor M, Peylin P, Piao SL, Le Quéré C, Smith B, Zhu Z, Myneni R. Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide[J]. Biogeosciences, 2015, 12: 653-679. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-653-2015 7. Steinbach J, Gerbig C, Rödenbeck C, Karstens U, Minejima C, Mukai H. The CO2 release and Oxygen uptake from Fossil Fuel Emission Estimate (COFFEE) dataset: effects from varying oxidative ratios[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011, 11: 6855-6870. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6855-2011