The involuntary resettlement areas in urbanization and sanitation programs: the cases of Promaben, Prosamim and Probacanga

Abstract We present an analysis of the involuntary resettlement process (IR) deployed in urban development projects. We selected programs being implemented in the Brazilian Amazonia: the “ProBacanga” from São Luis - Maranhão, which receives funding from the IBRD; and two programs supported by the IDB: the “PROMABEN” Belém - Pará; and Manaus - Amazonas, the “PROSAMIM”. We conducted a bibliographic and documentary research using reports of banks and state and local governments implementing programs, complemented with academic texts, followed by a theoretical basis of neoliberal urbanism. It begins with an analysis of the IBRD and IDB financing, and their relationship with the neoliberal urbanism, followed by a presentation of major theoretical vision on the IR processes, and how the banks cited the operate their financing. We present the main features of the three programs, with emphasis on IR data and reviews. The analysis shows many indications that the resettlement used in the three programs are related to the principles of neoliberal urbanism. It is noticed that there is a competition among cities, and that these programs prioritize the urban embellishment. The IR has generated uncertainty in communities and prevents access to basic public services.

摘要 本文针对城市开发项目中采用的非自愿重新安置流程（involuntary resettlement process, IR）展开分析。研究选取了巴西亚马孙地区正在实施的三项相关项目：来自马拉尼昂州圣路易斯市的"ProBacanga"项目，该项目获得国际复兴开发银行（International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD）的资金支持；以及两项由泛美开发银行（Inter-American Development Bank, IDB）资助的项目：帕拉州贝伦市的"PROMABEN"项目，以及亚马孙州马瑙斯市的"PROSAMIM"项目。研究采用文献与档案研究方法，整合银行、州及地方政府的项目实施报告，并辅以学术文献，以新自由主义城市主义作为理论基础。研究首先分析了国际复兴开发银行与泛美开发银行的融资模式，及其与新自由主义城市主义的关联；随后梳理了非自愿重新安置流程的核心理论视角，以及前述银行如何开展其融资运作。本文还阐述了三项项目的主要特征，重点聚焦非自愿重新安置相关数据与项目评估。分析结果显示，三项项目所采用的重新安置方案，均与新自由主义城市主义的核心原则存在诸多关联。研究发现，城市间存在竞争态势，且此类项目均以城市美化建设为优先目标。非自愿重新安置流程给安置社区带来了不确定性，并阻碍了居民获取基本公共服务。