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We aimed (i) to gain a better understanding of the demographic and socioeconomical distribution of ADHD risk in Sweden; and (ii) to contribute to the critical discussion on medicalization, i.e., the tendency to define and treat behavioural and social problems as medical entities. For this purpose, we analysed the risk of suffering from ADHD in the whole Swedish population aged between 5 and 60 years, across 96 different strata defined by combining categories of gender, age, income, and country of birth. The stratified analysis evidenced considerable risk heterogeneity, with prevalence values ranging from 0.03% in high income immigrant women aged 50–59, to 6.18% in middle income immigrant boys aged 10–14. Our study questions the established idea that behavioural difficulties conceptualized as ADHD should be primarily perceived as a neurological abnormality. Rather, our findings suggest that there is a strong sociological component behind how some individuals become impaired and subject to medicalization.本研究旨在达成两个目标：其一，更全面地厘清瑞典境内注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD）风险的人口学与社会经济学分布特征；其二，为围绕医疗化议题的批判性讨论贡献学术参考——医疗化即指将行为与社会问题界定为医学实体并予以诊疗的倾向。为此，我们针对瑞典5至60岁的全体人群开展分析，通过结合性别、年龄、收入与出生国家的分类维度，构建了96个不同的分层群体，以此评估该人群罹患ADHD的风险。分层分析结果显示，ADHD风险存在显著异质性，患病率跨度较大，从50至59岁高收入移民女性的0.03%，至10至14岁中等收入移民男性的6.18%不等。本研究对既有主流观点提出了质疑：该观点认为被归类为ADHD的行为障碍本质上应被视为一种神经系统异常。与之相反，本研究结果表明，部分个体出现功能受损并被纳入医疗化范畴的背后，存在显著的社会学驱动因素。