Coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) of model verification using independent data for the plant leafing in Northeast China.

SW: Spring warming model; TP: Temperature-precipitation based leafing model; SM: Sequential model; PM: Parallel model; AM: Alternating model; GSI: Growth season index. m: parameterized starting date for SW, TP and AM, all parameters estimated for SM and PM; n: fixed starting date for SW, TP and AM, section parameters estimated for SM and PM. PSM=Salix matsudana; PUP=Ulmus pumila; PAV=Armeniaca vulgaris; PPS=Populus simonii; PSO=Syringa oblate; PPNK=Pinus koraiensis; PLD=Larix dahurica; PPCK=Picea koraiensis; XLC=Leymus chinensis in Xilinhot; XSK=Stipa krylovii; ELC=Leymus chinensis in Ewenki; ESB=Stipa baicalensis; HAC=Agropyron cristatum; HED=Elymus dahuricus. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001.SW：春季升温模型（Spring warming model）；TP：基于温度-降水的展叶模型（Temperature-precipitation based leafing model）；SM：序列模型（Sequential model）；PM：并行模型（Parallel model）；AM：交替模型（Alternating model）；GSI：生长季指数（Growth season index）。 m：SW、TP与AM的参数化起始日期，SM与PM的全部参数均经估算获得；n：SW、TP与AM的固定起始日期，SM与PM的分段参数均经估算获得。 PSM=旱柳（Salix matsudana）；PUP=白榆（Ulmus pumila）；PAV=杏树（Armeniaca vulgaris）；PPS=小叶杨（Populus simonii）；PSO=欧丁香（Syringa oblate）；PPNK=红松（Pinus koraiensis）；PLD=兴安落叶松（Larix dahurica）；PPCK=红皮云杉（Picea koraiensis）；XLC=锡林浩特羊草（Leymus chinensis in Xilinhot）；XSK=克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）；ELC=鄂温克羊草（Leymus chinensis in Ewenki）；ESB=贝加尔针茅（Stipa baicalensis）；HAC=冰草（Agropyron cristatum）；HED=披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）。 *：P<0.05； **：P<0.01； ***：P<0.001。