Voivodeships included into the study.

Parabens are compounds widely utilized in the industry as preservative additives to personal care products, cosmetics and food. They pollute the environment and penetrate to the living organisms through the digestive tract, respiratory system and skin. Till now the knowledge about exposure of terrestrial wild mammals to parabens is extremely scarce. Therefore, this study for the first time assessed the concentration levels of five parabens commonly used in industry (methylparaben—MeP, ethylparaben—EtP propylparaben–PrP, benzylparaben -BeP and butylparaben–BuP). Substances have been analyzed in hair samples collected from wild boars using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The hair is a matrix, which allows to study long-term exposure of organisms to parabens. During this study MeP was noted in 96.3% of samples with mean 88.3±72.9 pg/mg, PrP in 87.0% of samples with mean 8.5±3.3 pg/mg, BeP in 44.4% of samples with mean 17.2±12.3 pg/mg and EtP in 11.1% of samples with mean 17.2±4.8 pg/mg. In turn BuP was noted only in 3.7% of samples with concentration levels below limit of quantification (2.6 pg/mg). Statistically significant intragender differences in parabens levels have not been noted. Only BeP concentration levels depended on industrialization and density of human population of area, where the animals lived. This study indicates that wild boars are exposed to parabens, especially to MeP and PrP, and analysis of the hair seems to be a useful tool of biomonitoring of parabens in wild mammals.

对羟基苯甲酸酯（Parabens）是一类被广泛用作防腐剂添加剂的化合物，常应用于个人护理产品、化妆品及食品工业中。该类物质可污染环境，并通过消化道、呼吸系统与皮肤侵入生物体。截至目前，学界关于陆生野生哺乳动物暴露于对羟基苯甲酸酯的相关研究仍极为匮乏。因此，本研究首次针对工业中常用的5种对羟基苯甲酸酯——对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（methylparaben，MeP）、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（ethylparaben，EtP）、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（propylparaben，PrP）、对羟基苯甲酸苄酯（benzylparaben，BeP）与对羟基苯甲酸丁酯（butylparaben，BuP）——的暴露浓度水平开展评估。本研究采用液相色谱-质谱联用法（liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry，LC-MS），对采集自野猪的毛发样本中的上述物质进行了分析。毛发作为一种生物基质，可用于研究生物体长期暴露于对羟基苯甲酸酯的情况。本次研究中，96.3%的样本检出MeP，平均浓度为88.3±72.9 pg/mg；87.0%的样本检出PrP，平均浓度为8.5±3.3 pg/mg；44.4%的样本检出BeP，平均浓度为17.2±12.3 pg/mg；11.1%的样本检出EtP，平均浓度为17.2±4.8 pg/mg。而BuP仅在3.7%的样本中被检出，其浓度低于定量限（2.6 pg/mg）。研究未观察到对羟基苯甲酸酯含量存在统计学显著的性别内差异，仅BeP的浓度水平与野猪栖息区域的工业化程度及人口密度相关。本研究表明，野猪存在对羟基苯甲酸酯暴露风险，尤以MeP与PrP暴露为主；同时，毛发分析可作为野生哺乳动物对羟基苯甲酸酯暴露生物监测的有效工具。