Hybrid Plasmonic Bioresins and dECM-Based Materials for Volumetric Bioprinting of Vascular-Inspired Architectures.

Synergizing nanomaterial technology with advanced 3D printing techniques creates new opportunities for developing smart, stimuli-responsive materials suitable for tissue engineering scaffolds. By incorporation of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles into extracellular matrix mimetics, these composites gain functional elements capable of replicating dynamic biological processes in vitro. Herein, we propose combining hybrid multifunctional inorganic-organic materials with the emerging volumetric bioprinting (VBP) technique. We present two hybrid materials, a light stimuli-responsive polymer-based resin and a biocompatible porcine-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioresin, thus expanding the library of materials suitable for VBP. Plasmonic nanoparticles are combined with a thermoresponsive polymeric matrix, formulating the stimuli-responsive plasmonic resin, while a dECM-based bioresin with embedded smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is employed to include the biological component in the system. As proof of concept to demonstrate the versatility of the hybrid materials, we investigated the generation of highly complex structures, including multiwalled channels, using sequential VBP. Overall, this study broadens the range of materials compatible with VBP, thereby enabling the use of smart multicomponent materials in the fabrication of dynamic, stimuli-responsive 3D in vitro models.将纳米材料技术（nanomaterial technology）与先进3D打印技术（advanced 3D printing techniques）协同融合，为开发适用于组织工程支架（tissue engineering scaffolds）的智能刺激响应材料（stimuli-responsive materials）带来了全新机遇。通过将刺激响应纳米颗粒（stimuli-responsive nanoparticles）引入细胞外基质模拟物（extracellular matrix mimetics）中，此类复合体系可获得能够在体外（in vitro）复制动态生物过程的功能元件。本文提出将多功能杂化无机-有机材料（hybrid multifunctional inorganic-organic materials）与新兴的体积生物打印（volumetric bioprinting, VBP）技术相结合。我们开发了两种杂化材料：一类为光响应聚合物基树脂，另一类为基于猪源脱细胞细胞外基质（porcine-derived decellularized extracellular matrix, dECM）的生物树脂（bioresin），由此扩充了适用于VBP的材料库。将等离子体纳米颗粒（plasmonic nanoparticles）与热响应聚合物基质（thermoresponsive polymeric matrix）复合，制备得到刺激响应等离子体树脂（stimuli-responsive plasmonic resin）；同时采用嵌入平滑肌细胞（smooth muscle cells, SMCs）的dECM基生物树脂，为体系引入生物组分。为验证此类杂化材料的通用性，我们利用顺序式体积生物打印（sequential VBP）技术制备了包括多壁通道（multiwalled channels）在内的高度复杂结构。总体而言，本研究拓宽了可兼容VBP的材料范围，从而使得智能多组分材料能够用于制备动态、刺激响应型3D体外模型。