THE STRUCTURE OF THE YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION OF MACRO- AND MICROFERTILIZERS IN THE WAXY RIPENESS PHASE OF THE GRAIN

Corn production is a cornerstone of global food security and bioenergy, necessitating the continuous refinement of cultivation technologies to meet growing demands. A critical aspect of modern agronomy is understanding how intensive nutrient management influences crop development during the later stages of the reproductive cycle. This study, conducted during the 2023 growing season, investigates the impact of varying levels of mineral nutrition and specific microfertilizer regimens on the biometric parameters of corn hybrids during the waxy ripeness phase. The research focused on four hybrids representing different maturity groups: Amaros (FAO 230), Bogatyr (FAO 290), KWS 381 (FAO 350), and Carifols (FAO 380). The experimental design evaluated three primary fertilization backgrounds: a control with no fertilizer, a moderate dose of N90Р60К60, and an intensive dose of N120Р90К90. Furthermore, the study assessed the efficacy of two distinct microfertilizer protocols involving seed treatment and foliar application at the 3-5 leaf stage, specifically comparing a zinc-based complex with a multi-nutrient cocktail. Methodologically, the assessment involved pre-harvest sampling to determine the specific weight contributions of leaves, stems, husks, and grain to the total plant mass. The results obtained in 2023 demonstrated a robust correlation between nutrient availability and the accumulation of dry matter in the waxy ripeness phase. It was observed that the highest dose of mineral fertilizers (N120Р90К90) significantly enhanced all structural components of the corn plant compared to the unfertilized control. For instance, in the mid-season hybrid KWS 381, the total plant weight rose from approximately 977 g in the control to over 1250 g in the most intensively fertilized variants. The inclusion of microfertilizers provided a supplementary boost to vegetative and generative growth. The treatment combination involving YaraTera Tenso Cocktail and YaraVita Kombiphos consistently yielded the superior results across all tested hybrids. In conclusion, the data confirms that optimizing the nutritional status of the crop through a combination of macronutrients and targeted foliar feeding is essential for maximizing biomass during the critical waxy ripeness stage. Late-maturing hybrids such as Carifols exhibited the greatest capacity for biomass production under high-input conditions, suggesting that their longer growing cycle allows for more efficient utilization of applied nutrients. These findings advocate for an integrated fertilization strategy as a viable pathway to unlock the full genetic potential of modern corn genotypes.玉米生产是全球粮食安全与生物能源产业的核心支柱，为满足日益增长的需求，需持续优化栽培技术体系。现代农艺学的关键一环，是明晰集约化养分管理如何作用于作物生殖周期后期的生长发育过程。本研究于2023年生长季开展，旨在探究不同水平的矿质营养与特定微肥施用方案，对蜡熟期玉米杂交种生物性状参数的影响。本次研究选取4个不同熟期组的玉米杂交种：Amaros（FAO 230）、Bogatyr（FAO 290）、KWS 381（FAO 350）与Carifols（FAO 380）。试验设置3种基础施肥处理：无肥对照、施用中等剂量N90Р60К60，以及高剂量N120Р90К90。此外，本研究还评估了两种不同微肥施用方案的效果：分别为播种前种子处理，以及于3-5叶期进行叶面喷施；并特别对比了锌基复合微肥与多营养元素混合肥的表现。 方法层面，本研究采用收获前取样的方式，测定叶片、茎秆、苞叶与籽粒对植株总生物量的重量占比。2023年试验结果表明，养分供给水平与蜡熟期玉米干物质积累量之间存在显著相关性。观测结果显示，与无肥对照相比，高剂量矿质肥料（N120Р90К90）可显著提升玉米植株各结构组分的生物量。例如，中熟杂交种KWS 381的植株总生物量从对照的约977克，提升至高肥处理组的1250克以上。施加微肥可对植株营养生长与生殖生长产生额外增益效果。其中，YaraTera Tenso Cocktail与YaraVita Kombiphos的组合施用方案，在所有供试杂交种中均表现最优。 综上，试验数据证实：通过大量元素配施与针对性叶面追肥优化作物营养状况，是在蜡熟期这一关键阶段实现生物量最大化的核心前提。Carifols等晚熟杂交种在高投入栽培条件下，展现出最强的生物量积累能力，这表明其更长的生育周期可更高效地利用所施用的养分。本研究结果表明，集成化施肥策略可充分激发现代玉米基因型的遗传潜力，是一条切实可行的技术路径。