Test of direct and indirect effects on PUBEB.

The Chinese government’s environmental conservation efforts require the active participation of all society. This study investigated how internal and external efficacy influence pro-environmental behavior with environmental willingness as a mediator. This study employed a structural equation model to analyze the data from 1499 survey questionnaires. The analysis revealed that both internal and external efficacy can enhance individuals’ pro-environmental behavior in the private and public spheres. External efficacy has a stronger impact on environmental willingness and public sphere environmental behavior, while internal efficacy more significantly influences private sphere environmental behavior. Additionally, environmental willingness only mediates efficacy and public sphere environmental behavior. The innovation of this study is the examination of internal and external efficacy from the perspective of different sources and the comparison of their differential impacts on pro-environmental behavior. Relevant policies should effectively enhance residents’ internal and external efficacy to comprehensively improve their level of pro-environmental behavior.

中国政府的环境保护工作离不开全社会的积极参与。本研究以环境意愿为中介变量（mediator），探讨了内部效能（internal efficacy）与外部效能（external efficacy）对亲环境行为（pro-environmental behavior）的影响机制。本研究采用结构方程模型（structural equation model），对1499份调查问卷采集的数据进行了分析。结果表明，内部效能与外部效能均可提升个体在私人领域（private spheres）与公共领域（public spheres）中的亲环境行为表现：外部效能对环境意愿及公共领域环境行为的影响更为显著，而内部效能则对私人领域环境行为的影响更突出。此外，环境意愿仅在效能与公共领域环境行为之间发挥中介作用。本研究的创新之处在于，从不同来源视角考察了内部效能与外部效能，并对比了二者对亲环境行为的差异化影响。相关政策应有效提升居民的内部与外部效能，从而全面改善其亲环境行为水平。