Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: Infant Assessment Unit, 1994-2001

The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) was designed to understand how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development, with a special focus on the causes and the pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. Long-term objectives were to create knowledge that would inform violence prevention strategies and help develop better approaches to the promotion of social competence in children from infancy to young adulthood. The Project combined two studies into one comprehensive design. The first study was an intensive study of Chicago's neighborhoods including their social, economic, organizational, political, and cultural structures, and the changes that take place within these structures. This was achieved through data collection efforts at the community level, including a community survey of Chicago residents, interviews with neighborhood experts, systematic videotaped observations of city blocks, and analyses of school, police, court and other agency records. The second study used a longitudinal cohort study of seven randomly selected cohorts of children, adolescents, and young adults to look at the changing circumstances of their lives and the personal characteristics that may lead them towards or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors. PHDCN is organized as five components: 1) Longitudinal study with an embedded intensive study of infants; 2) Community survey; 3) an Observational study of neighborhoods; 4) a Neighborhood expert survey; and 5) Administrative data. Neighborhoods were operationally defined as 343 clusters of city blocks from Chicago's 847 populated census tracts. The purpose of the Infant Assessment Unit wave of data collection was to include the youngest Project cohort by examining the "effects of prenatal and early postnatal risk conditions on health and cognitive functioning in the first year of life," and to "establish links between early developmental processes and the onset of antisocial behavior in the preschool period or in the earliest years of regular school and to measures the strength of this developmental pathway." Infants received an additional assessment at 6 months. Measures assessed visual recognition and memory, physical health and birth complications, temperament, and family environment. Videotaped records were used to record the response of the infant to different types of stimulation, as well as to capture interactions between the parent and infant to determine empathic responsiveness of the parent, encouragement and guidance, and overall psychopathology. The Murray Archive holds additional analogue materials for this study (videotape data). If you would like to access this material, please apply to use the data.

芝加哥社区人类发展项目（Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, PHDCN）旨在探究家庭、学校与社区如何影响儿童及青少年的发展，尤其聚焦青少年犯罪、成人犯罪、物质滥用与暴力行为的成因及发展路径。该项目的长期目标是构建可指导暴力预防策略的知识体系，并助力开发更有效的方法，以促进从婴儿期到青年早期儿童的社会能力发展。
本项目将两项研究整合为一套综合研究框架。第一项为芝加哥社区深度调研，涵盖社区的社会、经济、组织、政治与文化结构及其内部变迁。数据采集覆盖社区层面，具体包括芝加哥居民社区调查、社区专家访谈、对城市街区的系统录像观察，以及对学校、警方、法院及其他公共机构记录的分析。
第二项研究采用纵向队列研究设计，对7个随机选取的儿童、青少年及青年成年队列开展追踪，以考察其生活环境的动态变化，以及可能促使个体参与或规避各类反社会行为的个人特征。
PHDCN下设五个研究组成部分：1）嵌入婴儿深度研究的纵向队列研究；2）社区调查；3）社区观察研究；4）社区专家调查；5）行政数据采集。
研究将社区操作性定义为芝加哥847个有人口普查区块中的343个城市街区集群。
婴儿评估单元的数据收集工作旨在纳入本项目最年轻的研究队列，具体目标包括：一是探究“产前及产后早期风险因素对婴儿出生后第一年健康与认知功能的影响”；二是“建立早期发展进程与学龄前时期或常规入学最初几年反社会行为发生之间的关联，并量化这一发展路径的强度”。
婴儿在6个月大时会接受额外评估。评估内容涵盖视觉识别与记忆、身体健康状况与出生并发症、气质类型，以及家庭环境。研究人员通过录像记录婴儿对不同类型刺激的反应，同时捕捉亲子互动场景，以评估父母的共情反应、鼓励与引导行为，以及整体精神病理状态。
默里档案库（Murray Archive）藏有本研究的额外模拟类资料（录像数据）。如需获取该资料，请提交数据使用申请。