Cambodia Agriculture Survey 2021 - Cambodia

Abstract
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CAS 2021 was a comprehensive statistical undertaking for the collection and compilation of information on crop cultivation, livestock and poultry raising, aquaculture and capture fishing, agricultural economy and labour. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) of the Ministry of Planning (MOP), and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), were the responsible government ministries authorized to undertake the CAS 2021. While NIS had the census and survey mandate, the MAFF was the primary user of the data produced from the survey. Technical support was also provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

The main objective of the CAS was to provide data on the agricultural situation in the Kingdom of Cambodia, to be utilized by planners and policy-makers. Specifically, the survey data are useful in:

1. Providing an updated sampling frame in the conduct of agricultural surveys;
2. Providing data at the country and regional level, with some items available at the province level;
3. Providing data on the current structure of the country's agricultural holdings, including cropping, raising livestock and poultry, and aquaculture and capture fishing activities.

The data collected and generated from this survey effort will help reflect progress towards the 2030 Sustainable Development goals for the agricultural sector, focusing on:
- Goal 1: End poverty in all forms everywhere.
- Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
- Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
- Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

The questionnaire collected data on several aspects of the agricultural holding, including demographic information about the holder and the household members, crop production, livestock and poultry raising, aquaculture, capture fishing, and labour used by the holding.

Data was collected from household agricultural holdings and juridical agricultural holdings. Only the household agricultural holdings are included in the released microdata.

Geographic coverage
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The geographic coverage for CAS 2021 was national coverage.
The national territory is divided in four Regions or Zones (Coastal Region, Plains Region, Plateau and Mountain Region, and Tonle Sap Region) and 25 Provinces (Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Kampot, Kandal, Kep, Koh Kong, Kratie, Mondul Kiri, Otdar Meanchey, Pailin, Phnom Penh, Preah Sihanouk, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Pursat, Ratanak Kiri, Siem Reap, Stung Treng, Svay Rieng, Takeo, and Tboung Khmum.).

Analysis unit
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Agricultural holdings

Universe
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Agricultural households, i.e. holdings in the household sector that are involved in agricultural activities, including the growing of crops, raising of livestock or poultry, and aquaculture or capture fishing activities. It was not considered a minimum threshold to determine a household's engagement in the above mentioned activities.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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For CAS 2021 a new screening activity was conducted. The method for CAS 2021 involved the selection of a representative sample of Enumeration Areas (EA) throughout Cambodia from the 2019 General Population Census Sampling Frame. Households within these EAs were screened for any agricultural activity. Using this basic information, the agricultural households were stratified and sampled for additional data collection. A simultaneous data collection effort focused on juridical holdings, utilizing listings of non-household agricultural operations, expanded based on feedback from MAFF and NIS provincial offices and other stakeholders.

Enumerators along with field and data supervisors were mobilized in all provinces and trained for this undertaking. All enumerators and supervisors (337 enumerators, 46 field supervisors and 46 data supervisors) were existing staff of NIS or MAFF. The collaborative effort between these two ministries was consistent throughout the CAS project, with staff from both organizations contributing from the design of the survey to the data collection and analysis.

The target population comprised the households that were engaged in agriculture, fishery and/or aquaculture. Given their low number of rural villages, the following districts were excluded from the frame: Krong Preah Sihanouk (province Preah Sihanouk), Krong Siem Reab (province Siemreap). Khan Chamkar Mon, Khan Doun Penh, Khan Prampir Meakkakra, Khan Tuol Kouk, Khan Ruessei Kaev, and Khan Chhbar Ampov (province Phnom Penh).

For the CAS 2021, the 2019 General Population Census Sampling Frame was utilized. This frame consisted of around 14,500 villages and 38,000 Enumeration Areas (EAs). For each village, the following information was available: province, district, commune, type (rural/urban), number of EAs and number of households. The target population comprised the households that were engaged in agriculture, fishery and/or aquaculture. Given their low number of rural villages, the following districts were excluded from the frame:

- Province Preah Sihanouk, District Krong Preah Sihanouk
- Province Siemreap, District Krong Siem Reab
- Province Phnom Penh, District Chamkar Mon
- Province Phnom Penh, District Doun Penh
- Province Phnom Penh, District Prampir Meakkakra
- Province Phnom Penh, District Tuol Kouk
- Province Phnom Penh, District Ruessei Kaev
- Province Phnom Penh, District Chhbar Ampov

Since the number of rural households per EA was not known from the 2019 census, to calculate the number of rural households in each province, the sum of the households in the villages that were classified as rural was computed. The listing operation in each sampled EA was conducted for the CAS 2021 to identify the target population, i.e., the households engaged in agricultural activities.

For this survey, there was no minimum threshold set to determine a household's engagement in agricultural activities. This differs from the procedures used during the 2013 Agriculture Census (and that would be used in the 2023 Agriculture Census later), in which households were eligible for the survey if they grew crops on at least 0.03 hectares and/or had a minimum of 2 large livestock and/or 3 small livestock and/or 25 poultry. The procedure used in the CAS, which had no minimum land area or livestock or poultry inventory, allowed for smaller household agricultural holdings to have the potential to be selected for the survey. However, based on the sampling procedure indicated below, household agricultural holdings with larger land areas or more livestock or poultry were identified and associated with different sampling strata to ensure the selection of some of them.

The CAS 2021 used a two-stage stratified sampling procedure, with EAs as primary units and households engaged in agriculture as secondary units. In the CAS 2021, 1,381 EAs and 12 agricultural households for each EA were selected, for a total planned sample size of 16,572 households. The 1,381 EAs were allocated to the provinces (statistical domains) proportionally to the number of rural households. To select the EAs within each province, the villages were ordered by district, commune, and then by type of village (Rural-Urban). Systematic sampling was then performed, with probability proportional to size (number of households). The total sample size of the survey was 16,563 agricultural households.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Cleaning operations
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Once the enumerators collected the survey data for an agricultural household, they submitted the completed questionnaire via Survey Solutions to their data supervisors who, in turn, carried out scrutiny checks. If there were errors or suspicious data detected, the data supervisor would return the record to the enumerator to address the issues with the respondent if needed, and the corrected record would be re-submitted to the data Supervisor. Once the records were validated by the data supervisors, they would approve them for final review by headquarters staff.

At the survey headquarters, the completed questionnaires were received after being approved by the data supervisors. If any issues or suspicious data were discovered during the headquarters review, the records could be returned to the enumerator for verification or correction if needed. Documentation on how to review questionnaire data for suspicious items or outliers was provided to both data Supervisors and headquarters staff.

The data review and calculation of the survey estimates was undertaken using the RStudio software tool. Validation of the data began even when the questionnaires were being designed in the CAPI tool, as Survey Solutions allows for consistency checks to be built into the data collection tool. As soon as completed records were returned during the data collection stage, additional consistency checks were completed, comparing reports to previous census data, evaluating the ranges for certain items, and verifying any outlier records with the enumerator and/or respondent. Moreover, when the data was cleaned, another step was conducted to impute the missing values derived from item non-response.

摘要
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CAS 2021是一次全面的统计工作，旨在收集和汇编有关农作物种植、牲畜和家禽饲养、水产养殖和捕捞、农业经济和劳动力的信息。国家统计局（NIS）隶属于计划部（MOP），以及农林渔业部（MAFF）是负责开展CAS 2021的政府主管部门。国家统计局拥有普查和调查的授权，而农林渔业部是调查产生数据的初级使用者。联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）也提供了技术支持。

CAS的主要目标是提供关于柬埔寨王国农业状况的数据，供规划者和政策制定者使用。具体而言，调查数据在以下方面具有实用性：
1. 在进行农业调查时，提供最新的抽样框架；
2. 提供国家和区域层面的数据，部分项目可在省级层面获取；
3. 提供关于国家农业资产当前结构的详细数据，包括农作物种植、牲畜和家禽饲养，以及水产养殖和捕捞活动。

从这次调查中收集和生成的数据将有助于反映农业部门实现2030年可持续发展目标所取得的进展，重点关注以下目标：
- 目标1：消除一切形式的贫困；
- 目标2：消除饥饿，实现粮食安全，改善营养状况，并促进可持续农业；
- 目标5：实现性别平等，赋权所有妇女和女孩；
- 目标6：确保所有人获得和可持续管理水及卫生设施。

调查问卷收集了关于农业资产多个方面的数据，包括所有者的人口统计数据和家庭成员，农作物生产，牲畜和家禽饲养，水产养殖，捕捞和该资产使用的劳动力。

数据收集自家庭农业资产和法人农业资产。仅家庭农业资产被纳入发布的微观数据。

地理覆盖范围
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CAS 2021的地理覆盖范围为全国。
全国领土分为四个区域或区域（沿海地区、平原地区、高原和山区，以及洞里萨湖地区）和25个省（班迭棉吉、波贝、磅湛、磅湛省、磅同、磅吞、磅特、甘丁、甘省、戈公、戈公、莫东基里、奥达棉吉、巴林、金边、西哈努克、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈努克省、西哈