Data on beef cattle commercialization.

The world has entered a new era of globalization and industrialization, which pose several challenges to ensuring food security. Beef cattle production is one of the fastest-growing subsectors that has the capacity to meet protein demand. Due to growing demand of meat and protein and a market-oriented production system, small-scale beef cattle production contribute most to marginal farmers as a means of rising income in many developing nations like Bangladesh. Though production and commercialization are not easier for households’ due to various factors and a lack of market efficiency. To determine beef cattle commercialization and market inefficiency, the current study focused on the determinants of beef cattle commercialization and the challenges to the of market efficiency. Heckman’s two-stage model used to determine the factors that influence households’ commercialization decisions, and the two-stage least squares method is used to examine the constraints of market inefficiencies. However, commercialization decisions offer twofold decision of commercialization and degree of commercialization. The result showed that commercialization decisions are significantly influenced by households’ age, extension services, and production costs. The degree of commercialization was affected by education, marketing costs, income from dairy, transportation costs, and training access. On the other hand, market inefficiency was influenced by formal market access, distance, extension services, and earning from cattle. As extension services worsen both commercialization decisions and market efficiency, the government should focus on extension services and offer farmers opportunities to increase their understanding and knowledge of marketing.全球已迈入全球化与工业化的新纪元，这为粮食安全保障带来诸多挑战。肉牛生产是增长最快的产业细分领域之一，具备满足蛋白质需求的潜力。随着肉类与蛋白质需求持续攀升，加之生产体系的市场化导向愈发鲜明，在孟加拉国等众多发展中国家中，小规模肉牛生产已成为边际农户增加收入的重要途径，贡献突出。然而，受多重因素制约与市场效率不足的影响，农户推进肉牛生产与商业化进程并非易事。本研究聚焦于肉牛商业化的影响因素以及市场效率面临的挑战，旨在厘清肉牛商业化与市场低效的相关问题。研究采用赫克曼两阶段模型（Heckman’s two-stage model）分析影响农户商业化决策的核心因素，并运用两阶段最小二乘法（two-stage least squares method）探究市场低效的制约条件。需说明的是，商业化决策包含双重维度：即是否实施商业化的决策，以及商业化的程度。研究结果显示：农户年龄、农业推广服务与生产成本对商业化决策具有显著影响；而受教育水平、营销成本、乳业收入、运输成本以及培训获取机会，则对商业化程度存在影响。另一方面，正规市场准入条件、市场距离、农业推广服务与养牛收益会影响市场低效程度。鉴于农业推广服务会同时对商业化决策与市场效率产生负面影响，政府应优化推广服务体系，为农户提供提升营销认知与专业知识的有效渠道。