Table_1_Utilization of functional agro-waste residues for oyster mushroom production: Nutritions and active ingredients in healthcare.xlsx

A large amount of agro-industrial residues are produced from the planting, production and processing of traditional Chinese herbs. As a tonic, edible, and economical herb, Codonopsis pilosula root has been extensively developed into medicine and functional food. However, thousands of tons of aerial parts (stems, leaves, flowers and fruits) have been directly discarded after harvest each year. To utilise agro-wastes, Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on a basal substrate supplemented with C. pilosula stems and leaves (CSL). Physicochemical analyses revealed that the basal substrate mixed with CSL was more abundant in cellulose, hemicellulose, and most of micronutrients such as K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn and Mo. After the first flush, the fruit bodies in CSL group exhibited a higher fresh weight, a wider average pileus diameter and a lower moisture level. Nutrition analyses presented a higher protein content and a lower fat content in mushrooms from CSL group compared with control group. Interestingly, 14 amino acids (glutamine, arginine, valine, leucine, and etc.) and 3 micronutrients (Se, Fe and Zn) were increased after CSL addition to the substrate. Based on untargeted metabolomics, a total of 710 metabolites were annotated. Compared with control group, there were 142 and 117 metabolites significantly increased and decreased in the CSL group. Most of them were grouped into classes of amino acids and peptids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, and etc. Moreover, an abundance of phytometabolites from Codonopsis were detected in P. ostreatus from CSL group, including polyacetylenes or polyenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, organic acids, and etc. UPLC-MS/MS results demonstrated that lobetyolin content in the CSL group samples was 0.0058%. In summary, the aerial parts of C. pilosula processed for use in the production of edible mushroom is an emerging strategy to converting agricultural waste into functional foods.

大量中药材的种植、生产与加工过程中会产生农业工业副产物。作为一味药食两用且经济价值可观的中药材，党参（Codonopsis pilosula）根已被广泛开发为药品与功能食品。然而每年收获后，数以千吨计的党参地上部分（茎、叶、花与果实）均被直接废弃。为资源化利用农业废弃物，本研究以添加党参茎叶（Codonopsis pilosula stems and leaves，CSL）的基础基质栽培平菇（Pleurotus ostreatus）。理化分析结果显示，添加CSL的基础基质中纤维素、半纤维素以及钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、硫（S）、铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、钼（Mo）等多数微量营养素含量更为丰富。首潮菇采收后，CSL组的平菇子实体鲜重更高、菌盖平均直径更大，且含水量更低。营养成分分析表明，相较于对照组，CSL组栽培的平菇蛋白质含量更高、脂肪含量更低。值得注意的是，基质添加CSL后，平菇中14种氨基酸（谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸等）与3种微量营养素（硒（Se）、铁（Fe）、锌（Zn））的含量均有所提升。基于非靶向代谢组学（untargeted metabolomics）分析，共计注释得到710种代谢物。与对照组相比，CSL组共有142种代谢物显著上调、117种代谢物显著下调。其中大部分代谢物可归类为氨基酸与肽类、脂肪酸、碳水化合物、萜类化合物等。此外，在CSL组栽培的平菇中检测到大量党参来源的植物代谢物，包括聚乙炔/聚烯烃类、黄酮类、生物碱类、萜类、有机酸类等。超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）检测结果显示，CSL组样品中的党参炔苷（lobetyolin）含量为0.0058%。综上，将党参地上部分用于食用菌栽培，是一种将农业废弃物转化为功能食品的新兴策略。